tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91046787301766870142024-02-20T20:57:44.327-05:00Seminar in Composition Adamhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16302919444091859459noreply@blogger.comBlogger191125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-46054547234745714872014-12-12T17:52:00.001-05:002014-12-12T17:55:27.364-05:00Olivia Fan Final Paper<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Olivia Fan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Seminar in Comp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">12/12/2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Edward
Abbey Writer or Anthropologist: A Critical Look at the ways in Witch Abbey
Constructs Himself in “Desert Solitude”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Edward Abbey’s
novel “Desert Solitude” may just seem like a well-put together polished journal
that catalogues his time spent in Arches national park, but it is important to
acknowledge Abbey wrote this book to serve a greater purpose. In the
introduction to this novel Abbey reminds readers that although much of it is
based on the time he spent in arches the desert serves as a “medium” not the
subject of the book. Abbey’s goal in desert of solitude is to take a step back
and observe humanity and culture in relation to nature. To make himself seem
credible Abbey composes himself to have desirable characteristics of a
successful anthropologist. His novel, composed of both fictional and true
events, works to highlight the qualities that make him an anthropologist and
omit the qualities that don’t. The final product, when compared to an actual
book of anthropological work, observe culture in similar ways to achieve a
final conclusion. I will be putting in parallel “Desert Solitude” and a book I
read for my pop-cluture class “Righteous Dopefiends”. Both were composed to get
across very similar messages.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
“Righteous
Dopefieds” Is a book written by Philippe Bourgois and Jeff Schonberg cataloging
the 12 years they spent with the Edgewater Homeless community. This community,
based in San Francisco, is full of heroine addicts that all make camp together
under the highway overpasses. It consists of interviews, field notes, and
pictures from there time spent there. It also talks about larger issues such as
treatment, changes in the demographic of San Francisco, legal action, and
education that tie into the community of homeless.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
In order to observe Edward
Abbey as and anthropologist we must first understand what an anthropologist is.
Anthropology is a social science that studies humans both past and present. It
draws upon the natural sciences by studying the evolution of the species and
how they human behavior and evolution varies between different groups of
humans. It also draws on social sciences by discussing the organization of
Humans in culture, institutions, and social conflict. We will be looking at the
Sociocultural branch of Anthropology. These are the people who try and pick out
and interpreted a culture through these seven characteristics layed out by
Omohundro in his article “Think like an Anthropologist”, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
“1.Cultures are integrated<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
2. Cultures are products of history.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
3. Cultures can be changed, and they can cause change.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
4. Cultures are strengthened by values.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
5. Cultures are powerful determinants of behavior.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
6. Cultures are largely composed and transmitted by
symbols.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7. Human
culture is unique in complexity and variability” (Omohundro 36).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Sociocultural Anthropologists are
the ones we think of traveling to far off destinations into the field and
living within a culture for years. Omohundro goes on in his article about the
parameters and definition of culture. He says, “…not only does culture provide
guidance on what to do, how to do it, and when, but culture also predicts and
interprets what others will do and say” (Omohundro 28). This prediction of
behavior is what makes a culture’s values clear through a consistent pattern.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Abbey constructs
himself as an anthropologist both through spiritual separation and physical
separation of himself from humanity. These are important characteristics in an
Anthropologist that allows culture to be observed objectively and without much
prejudice. In the beginning of his book he says, “Why I went [to Arches] no
longer matters what I found there is the subject of this book” (Abbey xi). By
not sharing with us his background Abbey’s life to readers is perceived to just
start in the desert. Without prior knowledge of his life in humanity he becomes
separated from humanity and our culture. From then on we think of Abbey as a
foreigner exploring our culture, and viewing it as objectively as possible. He
also doesn’t talk about his family at all during his book even though he was a
father. It seems like a large part of your life to exclude. The Abbey we know
is totally disconnected from any past in humanity. This cultural distance is
admired in anthropologist. Anthropologists have to find the perfect balance of
being close enough to observe the culture yet distant enough that you don’t
disturb it or become too involved in it. These will hurt the credibility of the
study because you could affect the culture or the culture could affect your
objectivity. In “Righteous Dopefiends” the anthropologists described the
struggle to stay both objective and find the right balance of involvement and
relationship needed to properly observe the community. They say, “At first, we
felt overwhelmed, irritated, and even betrayed by the frequent and often
manipulative requests for favors, spare change, and loans of money. We worried
about distorting our relationships by becoming patrons and buying friendship to
obtain our research data. At the same time, we had to participate in a moral
economy to avoid being ostracized by the network…we had to learn, therefore,
not to take their petty financial manipulations personally, and refrain from
judging them morally. Otherwise, we could not have entered their lives
respectfully and empathetically” (Bourgois and Schonberg 6). They talk about
the relationship between them and the community. On one hand they had to make
sure they didn’t disrupt or muddle their relationship as observer and observed,
yet on the other they needed to partake in order to stay in the community and
not be “ostracized”. The balance allows them to be objective and more open to
the community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey does some of the
same things when describing the Cowboys and Indians. Abbey works as a rancher
with the cowboy. He observes them and their lives yet he leaves little impact.
He is able to observe the changes in them. Abbey states they are <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">“dying off or transforming them
selves by tortuous degrees into something quite different. The originals are
nearly gone and will soon be lost forever in the overwhelming crowd” (Abby
111). He explains that cowboys have given in to the new “mechanized and
automated”(109) food market. Although he is very opinionated on the subject it
is clear he does not express this opinion to the actual cowboys. We realize he
is no longer involved in their lives after studying them when he starts to fantasize
what became of them. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Edward Abbey
continues to separate himself even more from culture and humanity through his
spirituality. A good chunk of the book focuses on Abbey’s mysticism. He tends
to mock the more traditional ideas of religion in his book in favor of
something more natural. He describes the Glen Canyon as “Eden, a portion of the
earth’s original paradise” (Abbey 152). He then goes on to describe what he
means by paradise by saying,
“…when I write of paradise I mean <i>Paradise, </i>not the banal Heaven of the
saints. When I write ‘paradise’ I mean not only apple trees and golden
women but also scorpions and tarantulas and flies, rattlesnakes and Gila
monsters, sandstorms, volcanoes and earthquakes, bacteria and bear, cactus,
yucca, bladderweed, ocotillo and mesquite, flash floods and quicksand, and yes
–disease and death and the rotting of flesh” (Abbey 167). His paradise is
Natures course and the circle of life that is independent of Humanity’s take
over. Comparing that to typical ideas about Eden being free of death and a
paradise of total bliss and innocents it reminds me of a poem called “In the
Garden” by Sheryle St. Germain. It’s about Turkey vultures. She explains, “</span>They were vegetarian then. There
were no roadside kills, no bones to pick, no dead flesh to bloom, ripen. And
they were happy. They could not imagine what they would become” (Germain Verse
2-3). Abbey would love the Vultures as scavengers and not believe they were
ever vegetarian even in the garden. Abbey respects nature the way it is because
he believes everything is full filling a role. He is not disgusted by death
and carnage. Abbeys spiritual beliefs also show a reluctance to identify
with humanity. After seeing the dam built at Glen Canyon he has to think of
himself as separate from humanity to fight off self-loathing. Although he
admits he cannot perfectly separate himself from humanity and become part of
the desert it is not for lack of trying. He says in the beginning of the book
that he would risk everything including himself for nature.<o:p></o:p></div>
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But
what are the goals of Anthropologists? Why did Abbey need to seem so smart,
critical, and objective? Why did he need to be taken seriously? There is in
fact a more specific reason behind the choice of “Righteous Dopefiends” as the
book I compare to Abbey. “Righteous Dopefiends” is a Grey Zone study. Grey Zone
was a term first used to describe anthropological work being done in
concentration camps created by the Nazis. When studying these camps they looked
at the authority figures in the system. They looked at Nazis, and the hierarchy
within the camps, and more specifically the Jews who helped Nazis keep the
others in check. It would be really easy to villainize these people, and many
have, but by blaming them you alleviate the responsibility of other parties.
Grey Zone means the blame is not black and white, and cant be placed on one or
two groups of people. This work tries to identify the entire system of
injustice in order to completely fix the issue. All of this is explained in
“Righteous Dopefiends” and is a constant theme throughout the book. On specific
example is happens when Scotty a member of the community dies of an overdose.
Everyone in the Edgewater Community blames Petey, Scotty’s best friend, for his
death. They believe that Petey didn’t do his best to revive Scotty, and that he
wasn’t watching him close enough. But Bourgois and Schonberg beg the question
“Who is the Killer?” (Bourgois and Schonberg 210). Bourgois and Schonberg say,
“Perhaps by assigning individual blame for Scotty’s death, the Edgewater
homeless were able to hide their anxiety over their own everyday vulnerability
to accidental overdose” (Bourgois and Schonberg 212). By using Petey as a
scapegoat they ignore the larger issues at play. They ignore the shift in the
community to white collar jobs that made them homeless; they ignore Scotty’s
complaints that he wasn’t being treated well enough at the hospital; they
ignore the shift from treatment to criminalization of drugs; they ignore shifts
in funding for their education about drugs that promotes only abstinence; they
ignore the cycle of violence and addiction; they also ignore their own flaws
and addiction. They think “Oh if I just avoid people like Petty who don’t have
my back I’ll be fine” when that is not the case. The goal of Grey Zone work is
to shine a light on all these systems that prevent communities like the
Edgewater community from getting better. Edward Abbey is the same way. In his
“field work” he identifies specific problems some witch seem very localized to
the arches area. He talks about the tourist, and the greedy Shepard’s and
miners, he talks about the dam the government builds in Glen Canyon, and the
casinos and industrial ranching that take over the Indians and Cowboys. Yet he
tells us he doesn’t blame them necessarily. He is sad for their loss, but he
can acknowledge they are a part of a bigger system. Abbey in not saying save
this one canyon, he’s not asking us to let the wolves eat our sheep, he’s not
asking us to live in the desert all alone, and he’s not asking us to save just
the cowboys. Abbey’s real asking us to acknowledge our culture and see it’s
other side. Abbey is criticizing progress, something consumer culture is all
about, because with that progress comes destruction. Omohundro would say our
culture predicts this pattern of destruction. He would say it’s a “comfortable
habit” (Omohundro 38). Abbey has described growth as cancerous in "Desert Solitude" and in some of his other pieces. Abbey is asking us to acknowledge
nature and acknowledge the chaos we cause in it. He believes a bigger system is
at play, and wants us to focus on the larger issue rather then the plethora of
other smaller issues it causes. When talking about construction projects in
national parts he dives deeper into the real issue of progress by saying, “Wilderness preservation,
like a hundred other good causes, will be forgotten under the overwhelming
pressure of a struggle for mere survival and sanity in a completely urbanized,
completely industrialized, ever more crowded environment”(Abbey 52). You can
see why in his eyes progress is cancerous, and why objectively from the
perspective he creates, as an outsider to humanities strive for progress and as
the voice of nature, progress is slowly killing us.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ending of “Desert Solitude” comes as a bit
of a surprise. In the last chapter Abbey admits he is leaving the desert and
returning for New York. He says, “After twenty-six weeks of sunlight and stars, wind and sky and
golden sand, I want to hear once more the crackle of clamshells on the floor of
the bar in the Clam Broth House in Hoboken. I long for a view of the jolly,
rosy faces on 42<sup>nd</sup> Street and the cheerful throngs on the sidewalks
of Atlantic Avenue… I grow weary of nobody’s company but my own” (Abbey 265). Why would Abbey
include this ending when he simply could have left it out or written a new one?
After all his work to construct his credibility why would he ruin with this
end? The ending destroys the boundary that is necessary between an
anthropologist and their work. Edward Abbey might not be the perfect
anthropologist, but his ending is not uncommon in the field of anthropology.
Often the most passionate anthropologist get too involved in the culture they
are studying. It is obviously cautioned against and many need to make sure they
develop self-reflexivity so they know when they need to step back. But it’s
human nature and once in the while just like Abbey someone falls through the
cracks. Abbeys mistake makes him believable and more relatable to us.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
Edward
Abbey’s work is loosely based off structures of Grey Zone studies. Although in
the end he cannot remain perfectly objective he creates himself as an
anthropologist throughout the whole book. He does this through a certain amount
of created distance from humanity, he works to observe human culture as the
outsider he has constructed himself to be, and in the end this serves as a way
to get his point across to the readers by identifying the system of injustice
we force upon nature. He wants us to understand it in our progressive culture
that will ultimately end up failing not only nature, but also humanity.<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877184562318505407noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-30154633308060207002014-12-12T15:09:00.001-05:002014-12-12T15:09:51.701-05:00Final Project/Essay
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Brooke Kihle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Professor Johns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seminar in Composition <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">12/10/14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genetic
Determinism is Incomplete<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Imagine specific characteristics that make you who you
are, singularly determined by your genome. Your openness to new things, tendency
to murder, or hair color are all created from specific genes woven together
into your DNA. An individual’s DNA encodes our genome, which essentially is the
instructions to how we develop and function- who we are- through a combination
of genes and non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. This theory is classified as
genetic determinism; the ideology that “who we are” is predetermined by our
genome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, through modern research
on genetically inherited diseases like BRCA1 (predisposition to breast cancer)
and PKU (phenylketonuria) we can prove inaccuracies in modern science. Also, by
understanding the limitations with current modern science like The Human Genome
Project we further understand how incomplete genetic determinism is. Lewontin’s
theories in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology as an Ideology</i> supports
genetic determinism to be incomplete. There are environmental factors that also
contribute to a human’s phenotype and genotype variation that complicates
specific genetic inheritance. In, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s
Brood</i>, Butler shows the Oankali’s inaccuracies of the current human
generation and through their misunderstandings tries to prove to the reader the
inaccuracies of modern science. The Oankali’s misunderstandings on genetics are
metaphorically shown by Akin and Jodahs, constructs from Oankali-human hybrid
breeding, and their external and internal struggle. Butler uses the Oankali, representing
the faults of modern science, shown by ideals of Lewontin and scientific
research which offer a more complete solution for science institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First, it’s important to understand the science behind
the theory of genetic determinism. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology
as an Ideology</i>, Lewontin explains the foundation of this theory stating,
“organisms are nothing but the battle ground between the outside forces and the
inside forces. Organisms are the passive consequences of external and internal
activities beyond their control” (Lewontin109). This meaning genetic
determinist believe our genetically inherited DNA solely creates our phenotype.
This view states that we are separate from the outside world, the environment, and
that we only interact but are not influenced by such environmental factors.
Therefore, as individuals we are created by the “inside” forces-genotypes and
explicitly separated from the “outside” forces that is our environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, there’s an argument to this theory that starts
the conflict between “nature” and “nurture”. Genetic determinist are cleverly
deemed the “nature” side of this conflict because of their belief that we are
made up by our “nature”, our genome. Consequently, the “nurture” view supports
environment significance in creating individuals. Lewontin’s theories explain
that “nature” and “nurture” along with random variation create our phenotype.
This supports the incompleteness of genetic determinism because both our genome
and environmental factors contribute to create our overall phenotype and human
characteristics. Picture it this way, when someone goes on trial, they present
a case, explaining the situation and then a jury votes on their punishment.
Let’s say a man killed his father (dramatic I know but I promise I’m trying to
prove a point) and the lawyer presents his case, stating this man had a family
history of bipolar disorder and his dad abused him as a child; which factors
would influence the jury’s decision on his sentence? Both the man’s possible
inheritance of bipolar disorder, traumatic childhood and emotional instability
with his father all contribute into motives for reasons he killed his father.
Now, of course this doesn’t make what he did right, I’m simply stating you
can’t ignore one factor from another they both contribute to who this man is
and why he killed his father. This can be brought back to explaining our
phenotype, showing that as individuals we are made of both these genomic and
environmental influences. Lewontin summarizes this theory stating, “History far
transcends any narrow limitations that are claimed for either the power of
genes or the power of the environment to circumscribe us. Like the House of
Lords that destroyed its own power to limit the political development of
Britain in the successive Reform Acts to which assented, so the genes, in
making possible the development of human consciousness, have surrendered their
power both to determine the individual and its environment” (Lewontin 123). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Other scientists support Lewontin’s theory through
scientific research. “An individual’s phenotype is often as much a product of
the environment as it is a product of the genotype” (Freeman, Quillan, &
Allison 273). One example of environmental influence is seen through research
on the genetically inherited disease phenylketonuria (PKU) which causes
individuals to enzymatically convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. This results in
an accumulation of phenylpyruvic acid which causes mental retardation. However,
an individual who inherits this disease isn’t predetermined to have mental
retardation; newborns can be tested for the disease and if identified early and
placed on a low phenylalanine diet can develop normally. Thus individuals
treated with PKU but develop into healthy adults prove that those with certain
genetic disease are neither predetermined to their disease’s symptoms nor
singularly controlled by their genes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Also,
research on the BRCA1, a genetically inherited predisposition to breast cancer,
proves this theory to be true. Anyone with the defected gene increases their
chance of getting breast cancer by 60-90%. However, having BRCA1 does not
guarantee you will have breast cancer. There are possible solutions to curing
an individual with breast cancer or avoiding the possibility of getting breast
cancer altogether. For example, surgical procedures like a mastectomy- surgically
removing the entire breast tissue can eradicate the possibility of getting the
cancer as well as literally “cutting out” the cancer of those infected. Both
these genetically inherited diseases represent how incomplete genetic
determinism is. The individuals are controlled by both their genotype as well
as environmental factors which ultimately contributed to their phenotype.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With any scientific theory there’s opposition, in this
case genetic determinist which correlates directly to the Oankali’s belief that
they can genetically predetermine a hybrid human-Oankali offspring. The Oankali
may be an alien species but their thought process isn’t too far from earth,
many contemporary scientist follow the theory of genetic determinism with
projects like the Human Genome Project (HGP). “HGP researchers have deciphered
the human genome in three major ways: determining the order, or
"sequence," of all the bases in our genome's DNA; making maps that
show the locations of genes for major sections of all our chromosomes; and
producing what are called linkage maps, complex versions of the type originated
in early <i>Drosophila</i>research, through which inherited traits (such
as those for genetic disease) can be tracked over generations.” (National Human
Genome Research Institution). The theory behind the HGP is to create a
“blueprint” of the human genome with a goal to eventually use this “blueprint”
and compare it to any individual’s genome. The HGP takes linkage mapping to
determine if individual’s DNA has certain diseases or not. This meaning, they
locate mutations on certain chromosomes for certain diseases and if the individual’s
DNA has the same mutation in the same location than they have this disease.
This essentially would determine every human’s genomic make-up and one could
find out what disease they will inevitably acquire if not already have and
other mutations and predispositions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">However,
this has not yet been accomplished. The HGP still has a long way before being
deemed completely scientifically accurate and precise. There are many
misconceptions that go with the current state of the HGP as well. An article in
the New York Times, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Genome, My Self, </i>by
Steven Pinker<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>best describes these
limitations, “Our genes are a big part of what we are. But even knowing the
totality of genetic predictors, there will be many things about ourselves that
no genome scan — and for that matter, no demographic checklist — will ever
reveal”(Pinker). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pinker was asked to
participate in the project and got his genome sequenced (or as much of it as
they could). Essentially the sequencing gave Pinker percentages of “who he was”
like a higher chance of baldness therefore he should be bald and a low risk of
prostate cancer therefore he won’t get prostate cancer in his lifetime. It is
incorrect to state that the HGP is predetermining an individual’s personal and
physical state because it simply can’t. Currently modern medicine and
technology is nowhere near advance enough to accurately state that the HGP’s
linkage mapping is defiant. Even if it were, they can only give a percentage, a
likely hood of the outcome of these findings. “For some conditions, like
Huntington’s disease, genetic determinism is simply correct: everyone with the
defective gene who lives long enough will develop the condition. But for most
other traits, any influence of the genes will be probabilistic. Having a version
of a gene may change the odds, making you more or less likely to have a trait,
all things being equal, but as we shall see, the actual outcome depends on a
tangle of other circumstances as well” (Pinker). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Additionally,
this same theory can be seen through the Oankali. The Oankali are described as
having their own “blueprint” to predetermine and genetically modify a hybrid
offspring population. However, this “blueprint” itself cannot possibly
predetermine the outcome of the hybrid offspring. Overall this hybrid-human-Oankali
population will have variations that cannot be known. Based off of scientific
research like that of BRCA1 and PKU diseases we understand that such blueprints
are inaccurate because they lack significant environmental factors that do
contribute to a human’s genome. The Oankali’s in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s Brood</i> represent modern scientists and their misconceptions
of genetic determinism. Such projects like the HGP and Oankali’s “trading” to
create a hybrid offspring population are limited because they do not account
for other factors like the environment that are just as important as genetics
when creating a human.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Oankali’s
inaccuracies are subtly shown throughout <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s
Brood</i>. “We used to treat animals that way, we did things to them
inoculations, surgery, and isolation- all for their own good. It scares me to
have people doing things to me that I don’t understand” (Butler 33). The
Oankali do not account for psychological factors that greatly effect Lilith
during her entrapment. “You shouldn’t have isolated any of us unless your
purpose was to drive us insane. You almost succeeded with me more than once.
Humans need one another” (Butler 19). They do not understand emotional and
psychological aspects of humanity which limits their accuracy in reproducing with
our genes. The Oankali’s ignorance is a metaphor for modern scientist’s own
ignorance with genetics. The HGP has great consequences if modern scientist
truly do believe in genetic determinism. The general knowledge of an
individuals’ genome can be used against them, for example if someone is shown
to have a gene of Huntington’s disease and this information is given out as
public knowledge it will put the individual at a disadvantage, limiting their
chances of getting good health care or a stable job because who wants to invest
on someone who eventually won’t be able to control their own body (it’s a cruel
world)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, Butler does the very opposite of what
the Oankali and genetic determinist eventually do to themselves; instead of
loss of hope she instills it by using Akin and Jodahs to show the opportunity
for better science. The Oankali are a metaphor for modern genetic determinist,
where the Oankali fail to account for environmental factors so do modern
scientist. Akin and Jodahs are symbolic of better scientific methods that can
be used in the future. Butler instills hope in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s Brood</i>, first through Lilith’s hope for human survival and
improvement, then by Akin’s acknowledgement of human change and tolerance and
finally all put together by Jodahs’ adaptability and eventual compromise with
both species to form a truly hybrid generation. It’s important to understand
that a true hybrid generation would not be possible without Lilith, Akin and
Jodahs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Also,
the Oankali were unprepared for the outcomes of Akin and Jodahs metamorphosis-
their physical change into adulthood. Akin is a human-Oankali hybrid male who
looks similar to human species which inevitably causes his capture from a group
of human resisters- those who refuse to reproduce “trade” with the Oankali.
After being released from confinement he continues to go back and visit the
human resisters and forms emotional bonds with them. After Akin’s metamorphosis,
all his physical similarities with the human species disappears. Instead of
turning against Akin, the resisters show their ability to tolerate difference
and change which leads Akin to advocate for the human’s to have their own
independent lives on mars. The Oankali had no way of understanding let alone
predetermining the psychological factors Akin went through as a construct. The
transformation for Akin was literally both external and internal. Both these factors
contributed to Akin’s ability to advocate for the human-only Mars population, as
well as, save the hybrid-Oankali species. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Another
misconception of the Oankali, was shown through Jodahs the first human-Ooloi
construct. Jodahs was seen as very dangerous and unpredictable. The Oankali
were even “surprised” to find that Jodahs could shape shift. This “unknown”
scared the Oankali population and Jodahs (with Lilith and the rest of their family)
was isolated in the deep parts of the woods. This cause Jodahs to become
increasingly depressed, physically losing its “sense of self” turning into a
sluggish-body creature. However, Jodahs physical shape-shifting eventually
provided useful with his ability to seduce and save an inbred, fertile human
community. This was the missing link to the Oankali-human connection. It catalyzed
a connection for many humans to be able to accept their differences and join
the Oankali-human families, while the fertile humans joined Akin’s human-only
population on Mars. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Oankali had many limitations when creating the hybrid offspring. A major factor
that they never contributed was Akin’s and Jodahs’ psychological trauma of
belonging to both species that were so unequal. Another factor, was Jodahs’
physical shape-shifting that was a completely knew physical trait for an Ooloi.
Where the Oankali failed thus the genetic determinists fail- they cannot
possibly precisely and scientifically contribute all the factors that make up
the hybrid offspring. Butler uses the Oankali’s failure as inspiration for
scientific prosper. Butler instills hope seen through Lilith’s own hope and the
other humans who have survived that there is chance of improvement. Lilith is
symbolic of hope whereas Akin of change, and Jodahs of proven solution. Lilith
represents the incompleteness- hope for the Oankali to fail (which they did,
some humans remained fertile) and humanity to grow. Akin represents their
limiations- the humans could adapt to difference and accept where the Oankali
deemed them incapable. Lastly, Jodahs is the better method, the adaptation, the
fact that genetic determinism is incomplete and thus there are better solutions
possible. Lewontin supports all of them because Lewontin supports the misconception
of genetic determinism. “Perhaps they could find an answer to what the Oankali
had done to them. And perhaps the Oankali were not perfect. A few fertile
people might slip through and find one another. Perhaps <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learn and run! </i>If she were lost, others did not have to be.
Humanity did not have to be” (Butler 248). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In conclusion, there are many beliefs as to what
determines a human. The questions of what makes up our phenotype- our sense of
style, problem solving skills and skin tone is constantly debated over science
history. Many modern scientist like those creating the HGP believe in genetic
determinism- that our genome is solely predetermined by our genetic
inheritance. However, there is sound research like that of BRCA1 and PKU
inherited diseases that prove this cannot be true. Environmental factors have
such a significant role in what creates a human’s phenotype a simple conclusion
has to be made- genetic determinism is incomplete. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s Brood </i>Butler uses the Oankali’s inaccuracies and misconceptions
to portray the limitations of contemporary scientists. Lilith through her own
hope instills to the reader hope for improvement. Akin, shows the ability for
change and combined Jodahs shows there are solutions for better science
methods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Works Cited:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Butler, Octavia E. <i>Dawn</i>.
New York: Integrated Media, n.d. Web<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Freeman, Scott, et al.
"Gene Structure and Expression." <i>Biological Science</i>. 5th <br />
ed. New Jersey: Parson Education Company, 2014.
237-304. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lewontin, R.C. <i>Biology
as Ideology. </i>New York: HarperCollins Publishers; 1991. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">"An Overview of the
Human Genome Project." <i>National Human Genome Research </i><br />
<i>Institute</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014.
<http://genome.gov>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04157623268547926676noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-88798200578609852552014-12-12T14:50:00.002-05:002014-12-12T14:50:48.179-05:00Final Project<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Meaghan Duffy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
12/10/14<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Final paper<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Professor Adam Johns<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Threat of Individuality<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Individuality
distinguishes one existence from another.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The phenomena of individuality allows for a desire within each person to
create and persevere due to unique passion and intelligence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Distinctiveness and a loud identity, much
different from the social norm, is more prone to a few disapproving stares, but
it will be the reason for change and advancement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Steve Jobs so famously said, “The people who
are crazy enough to think they can change the world are the ones who do.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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A dramatic transition in values
can be linked back to the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, to the era famously
known as The Roaring Twenties. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During
this time, trends became a prevalent part of society; people who strived to
prevent exclusion reached out to conformity in attempt to stay relevant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Before
World War I, the country remained culturally and psychologically rooted in the
nineteenth century, but in the 1920s America seemed to break its wistful
attachments to the recent past and usher in a more modern era” (Zeitz). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a wartime recession caused by severe
hyperinflation around the world, the economy boomed in the decade following
WWI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Progressive Era accompanied by
advances in technology, growth in big business and a thriving banking system,
created an economic boom, leaving Americans with much disposable income to
spend on luxuries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this time, the
credit card was invented, which provoked spoiled Americans to participate in
unnecessary extravagant spending in order impress their neighbors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1920’s will forever be defined as,
“…flappers and dance halls, movie palaces and radio empires, and Prohibition
and speakeasies” (Zeitz).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this
time, dresses became shorter, brighter and lighter. New fabrics were
experimented with and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">designer brands</i>
became a desire and indicator of worth and wealth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this decade, the risk takers of society
were born.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Flappers prized style over substance,
novelty over tradition, and pleasure over virtue’ (Ferentinos). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They cut their hair and shortened their
dresses above the knee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
flirtatiously danced with men and participated in illegal drug use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These women were rebels against the
expectations to settle down and to stay obedient housewives, and they used
fashion and popular trends to get this message across.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since this time, how a woman or man presents
him or herself externally, sends a strong message about wealth, worth, values
and morals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each individual is immediately
tagged and labeled as being a certain kind of person solely based on what he or
she has draped over his or her body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
a man is not participating in the latest blazer trend or sporting his Oakley
sunglasses, he is considered irrelevant, and he is disregarded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">What is the point of rebellion if conforming is easier?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 1950s, following America’s victory in
World War II, a wave of comfort swept across our country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The returning veterans presumed their home
jobs, which allowed their wives to escape the factories and return to their
household duties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Following the
conclusion of the war, there was a major shift in production from war materials
to consumer goods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Due to this victory,
the United States was considered a super power, promoting a time of peace and
prosperity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The values of capitalism
were rekindled, and this was made possible by the revolutionary invention of
the television.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Serving as the perfect
median, television commercials provided the people with an insight into the
idea life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ideal life</i>, promoted by advertisements, included a cute house in
the suburbs, a white picket fence and a carload of children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In hopes of being socially accepted, many
people gave into this advertised conformity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Along with the promoted idea of conformity, there existed a group of
rebels who initiated The Beat Generation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This movement was lead by a group of disgruntled poets and writers whom were
disgusted with the newfound modern social structure and widespread consumer
attitude.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">The Beat Generation was
never a large movement in terms of sheer numbers, but in influence and cultural
status they were more visible than any other competing aesthetic” (Rahn).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allen Ginsberg, a prominent author of The Beat
Generation, published his work <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Howl </i>in
1956.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Howl</i> targeted the average Americans who were unaware of the
constant corruption and hardships surrounding them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This poem shown light on the parts of the
country that weren’t all safe smiles and sheltered bliss but instead the parts that
were struggling to stay alive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ginsberg
explicitly gets his point across, stating, “I saw the best minds of my
generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves
through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix” (Ginsberg).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This poem by Ginsberg strives to draw
attention to the social issues of drug use, starvation, pornography, poverty
and racism. It emphasizes that ignorance and escaping to the suburbs are not
acceptable remedies for these debilitating problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although The Beat Generation was scolded and
continuously insulted for being non-intellectual, “time has proven that the
cultural impact of the Beat writers was far from short-lived, as the influence
of their work continues to be widespread” (Rahn).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Beat Generation was responsible for
decreasing censorship in literature and highly increasing attention on
environmentalism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">In Octavia Butler’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s Brood</i>,
a foreign society is clashed with a group of earthlings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Lilith, an American human, first comes
into contact with Jdahya, disgust, nerves and fright automatically overcome
her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The unknown frightened her… She
did not want to be any closer to him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She had not known what held her back before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now she was certain it was his alienness, his
difference, his literal unearthliness” (Butler, 13).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The American way has taught people to become
nervous and entirely closed off when it comes to the presence of the
unknown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Americans have been brought up
egotistically and arrogantly in a way that discourages the acceptance and study
of new culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Jdahya introduces
his people’s motives to Lilith he states, “We’re bot hierarchical, you
see.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We never were.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But we are powerfully acquisitive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We acquire new life- seek it, investigate it,
manipulate it, sort it, use it” (Butler, 41).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Oanklali people have a deep desire to constantly and consistently
renew themselves, enabling them to evolve and survive as a species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>They choose to change rather than to
fall into, “extinction or stagnation” (Butler, 40). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jdahya strives to explain to Lilith the
obvious flaws of mankind explaining that, “If they had been able to perceive
and solve their problems, they might have been able to avoid destruction”
(Butler, 38).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mere existence of war
as a concept, where humans kill and destroy life to somehow enhance other life,
is an absurd assumption that only a highly flawed species could ever believe is
sufficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Oankali species blame
humankind’s downfall on, “two incompatible characteristics.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jdahya says, “You are intelligent… You are
hierarchical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When human intelligence
served [hierarchy] instead of guiding it, when human intelligence did not even
acknowledge it as a problem, but took pride in it or did not notice it at
all…”(Butler, 39), that’s when it became obvious that the two were in conflict
with each other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit</i>, Leslie Marmon Silko
describes the lifestyle of the Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico. The Pueblo people
value the individual, focusing their judgments on behavior rather than physical
beauty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silko says, “Younger people, people my
parents’ age, seemed to look at the world in a more modern way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The modern way includes racism (Silko,
10).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The Pueblo people, “looked at the world very differently; a person’s
appearance and possessions did not matter nearly as much as a person’s
behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For them, a person’s value
lies in how the person interacts with other people, how that person behaves
toward the animals and the earth (Silko, 10).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to them, a common maker relates all things, all people and all
animals upon creation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no
proper and improper, favored or disfavored, because everything in this universe
is created for an intended balance that is necessary to create harmony and
peaceful flow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silko, as a young child,
was taught by her grandmother to be proud of her confidence and strength
because such qualities made her beautiful and valuable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“To the Pueblo way of thinking, the act of
comparing one living being with another was silly, because each being or thing
is unique and therefore incomparability valuable because it is the only one of
its kind (Silko, 11).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among their
culture, there was no social ladder that could be influenced by choice of
clothing. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Pueblo people value physical
differences that would be pitied in our culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we ostracize, they celebrate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Persons born with exceptional physical or
sexual differences were highly respected and honored because their physical
differences gave them special positions as mediators between this world and the
spirit world (Silko, 12).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silko tells a
story about the hunchbacked medicine man who was seen as a universal healer and
of much importance in their culture; he was not labeled as disabled and less
capable as he would have been in modern American culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One should not feel worthy of formulating
another’s full life story based on his or her physical attributes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accepting individuality, as seen within the
Pueblo culture, allows for confidence, which stimulates action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Some critics may argue that individuality allows for chaos and too much
room for feuding interpretations and strong disapproval.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The coddlers of this world will say that
paying attention to the differences among a group creates an environment of
unfairness and discourages the shy minded of the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are the same people that support the
mandate of uniforms so their school is recognized as a conformed group rather
than a dense area of uniquely specialized individuals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A sea of gray pants and sweaters roaming a
hallway in unison makes it almost impossible for the brilliant stylist and the
obscure minds to express their passions and desires on the blank canvas of
their bodies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When humans are unable to
express their essence externally, they are less likely to express themselves verbally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further, the figureheads of a capitalistic
society such as our own are easily spooked by the idea that an uncontrolled,
non-manipulated mind can change the world in a favorable way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People are scared of individuality because
there is a possibility of unexpected brilliance in a non-typical member of
society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">When the topic of celebrating the individual is brought up in a friendly
environment, many people will claim to agree with this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are the same people who will shoot dirty
looks at the female with a buzz cut, or will be reluctant to join in on a fight
for a cause that they believe in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
people hold back in fear of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rocking the
boat.</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such people are entirely
hypocritical and completely unaware of the meaning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When individuals religiously practice conformity
and uniformity out of worry that they will stand out in a negative light, yet
still preach individuality, they are once again falling into a trend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conformists are scared to feel
discomfort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They practice uniformity so
that no child is left behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While this
keeps every child up to date, it also works to prevent the star pupils from
shining.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The exact reason for a bell
curve in an academic system is to condense the test takers into an
average.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For decades, this nation has
catered toward the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">average Joe</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We condemn the overachievers and pity the underachievers,
celebrating the masses that don’t draw too much attention their way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We do this because we’re petrified of being
left behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Work Cited:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ferentinos, Susan. "Flapper." <i>The
Ultimate History Project</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Zeitz,
Joshua. "The Roaring Twenties." <i>The Gilder Lehrman Institute of
American History</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Silko,
Leslie Marmon. "Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native
American Life Today." <i>The Antioch Review</i> 54.3 (1996): 364. Web.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Butler,
Octavia E. <i>Lilith's Brood</i>. New York: Aspect/Warner, 2000. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Rahn, Josh.
"The Beat Generation." <i>- Literature Periods & Movements</i>.
Jalic Inc., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Ginsberg,
Alen. "Howl." <i>Poetry Foundation</i>. Ed. Ruth Graham. Poetry Foundation,
n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00264185234784450737noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-37130255484809619442014-12-12T13:36:00.000-05:002014-12-12T13:36:14.701-05:00Final Project<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Irene Magdon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seminar in Composition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dr. Adam Johns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Final Project<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">December 12, 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peace
through Understanding</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is an all too often occurrence in our world’s history
that foreign cultures and peoples are chastised by what is deemed normal and
socially excepted. Ignorance to the acceptance of difference frequently results
in violence and many times, war. We have seen such ignorance and judgment
targeted towards Native Americans in the early settlement of North America and
towards the treatment of African Americans through the cruel means of slavery.
Currently we see the media and government damning the actions of Palestinian
suicide-bombers but they have failed to try and understand what made these
people so desperate. Cultural gets ignored by those who think that their way is
the only right and just way. Peace is only found by those who take time to
understand new things; who set aside their idea of normal and right to see
other reasonings. This is the outlook that is developed through the study of
cultural anthropology. Ironically, in <i>Lilith’s
Brood</i>, Lilith was an anthropologist. It is my belief that Lilith’s study of
anthropology made her conducive to her peaceful approach of the Oankai which
led to them favoring her. Lilith’s disposition is also shown in her children
Akin and Jodahs. These characters exemplify this willingness to learn before
judging often leads to peaceful understandings rather than needless conflict. I
believe that if everyone possessed in them this willingness to understand,
there would be far less conflict and unrest in our world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> To grasp these ideas fully you must first look at the
fundamentals of cultural anthropology. As an anthropology textbook defines it,
to study cultural anthropology is to “strive to look beyond the world of
everyday experiences to discover the patterns and meanings that lie behind that
world,” (Robbins, 2). As this text explains, we often participate in
ethnocentrism or “the idea that our beliefs and behaviors are right and true,
whereas those of other peoples are wrong and misguided,” (Robbins, 8). By
taking an anthropological view you must abandon much of that ethnocentrism and
open yourself to understanding. You cannot just look at a person’s actions, but
at the cultural factors that lead to those actions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As
hard as it may be, one cannot just look at the death and destruction caused by
Palestinian suicide bombers as the media and government often prompt us to.
Instead you must look at what caused these people to take such drastic action
against innocent lives which they view as martyrdom. The media and government
fail to mention the Palestinian connection to their land. This is an almost
spiritual connection that was broken by the Israeli occupation that forced
Palestinians into concentrated clusters. Nasser Abufarha takes an
anthropological view of this in his book <i>The
Making of a Human Bomb: An Ethnography of Palestinian Resistance. </i>He
concludes that the systematic separation of Israelis and Palestinians and fuels
the tension between the two and, in the minds of the Palestinians, legitimizes the
destructive actions. Yet measures are not taken to aid the Palestinians because
people fail to look into these other factors. The Israelis are seen as the
victims and the Palestinians are treated as lesser peoples. (Abufarha; 4, 238)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lilith displays Abufarha’s way of understanding in her
actions of the Oankali. When she met her first Oankali she did not react
violently as many others did. In fact, Lilith was able to be comfortable with
Jdahya faster than other humans. When talking to Paul Titus about her life back
on Earth, she mentions her study of anthropology. She even makes the remark, “I
suppose I could think of this as fieldwork,” (Burlter, 87). Lilith eventually
becomes part of an Oankali family and sets to her job to Awaken and teach other
humans how to survive on the post-apocalyptic Earth and even allows of genetic
alterations in her body to be made. This full integration into her subjects’
culture that only intensifies throughout the trilogy has strong parallels to
that of anthropologist Kenneth Good who studied the Yanomami. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Good was participating in fieldwork in the Venezuelan
Amazon by studying a tribe of Yanomami. An immersive study that was supposed to
last only fifteen months, ended up becoming a life-altering experience that
included his marriage to a member of the tribe. Anthropologist and other groups
had classified the Yanomami as the “fierce people.” Their culture included a
normalcy of rape and premarital sex along with the betrothal of young children.
Despite this, Good did not create preconceived ideas of these people or judge
them; nor did he try to change their ways. Instead, he worked to understand
them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Deep
down, all I really did want was to find some way to make a living and to get
back into the jungle. Not only to study the Indian – I already had enough data
for three books – but to live with them. More especially, to live with Yarima.
That was what I had come to, after all these years of struggling to fit into
the Yanomami world, to speak their language fluently, to grasp their way of
life from the inside. My original purpose – to observe and analyze this people
as an anthropological researcher – had slowly merged with something far more
personal. (Good, 103-104)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As Lilith ended up
mothering children conceived by the Oankali, Good ended up fathering two
children with his Yanomami wife, Yarima. It is in this way that Lilith echoes
the fictional side of very really possibilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The adverse of these two scenarios are prevalent is our
history. In colonial times, Native Americans were driven out of their sacred
lands and often murdered. They were seen as uncivilized savages due to the
Europeans’ ethnocentrism. People did not try to understand their way of life.
Instead they reaped genocide or attempted to force their Christian beliefs on
them. This dispute over land and ideology caused bloody conflicts that almost
always ended in tragedy for the Native populace. Had the settlers been more
open to these people and less greed-driven, I believe that our history would
have much less bloodshed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lilith is exceptionally different in her beliefs. This
becomes prominently noted as she begins to Awaken the other humans in the first
book of the trilogy. She is attacked several times and she is made to look like
a traitor to the humans because of her cooperation with the Oankali. Despite
her best efforts to persuade the other humans that she was acting in their best
interest, she develops the reputation equivalent to that of Satan. Fear and ignorance
overpower the other humans, Lilith’s partner is murdered and the project fails.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lilith is not the only character to embody this
anthropological understanding. Her part-Oankali son, Akin, also demonstrates
great eagerness to understand those that are different. For him is humans who
chose not to live the safer Oankali-based lifestyle. These “resisters”
fascinate him despite their potential danger. While it is in Akin’s genes to be
naturally curious of new and different things so that he may learn and share
his findings with the Oankali at large, he possesses a genuine concern for
these people. Since Lilith was taught that human nature is conducive to
conflict, she gives Akin heartfelt advice; “When you feel a conflict, try to go
the Oankali way. Embrace difference,” (Butler, 329). Akin connects with the
humans and feels sympathy towards them. He understands that their only desire
(to have children) cannot be granted to them because of the Oankali’s belief of
a flawed human genome. As we become more familiar with Akin we see how his
qualities shared with his mother are almost beyond the abilities of the
superior Oankali. While they see mostly practicality, he sees the emotional and
psychological consequence that plagues the resisters. By having longer lives,
infertility, and almost no meaningful purpose; the resisters often resort to
extremes such as kidnapping, violence, and suicide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Oankali are not unreasonable beings. Earth was
destroyed and they saved what they could and worked with the human species to
assist the Oankali’s survival. No human should have survived but, when they
were ungrateful for their situation which allowed them life, the humans were
given an alternative option to live on Earth free of the Oankali. Infertility
was no a punishment but, instead a means to prevent a reoccurrence of the
disaster that almost killed all of mankind. The Oankalis’ perception of humans
is not a biased judgment. It is a perception based on genetic evidence
supported by the history and destruction of Earth; facts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> On page 426 of <i>Lilith’s
Brood</i>, Dichaan tells Nikanj that Akin’s infatuation with humans will lead
him to try and save what’s left of them from their dying out. What they don’t
know is how he would be able to do such a thing. Once he matures, they believe,
he won’t be as interested in the humans and will focus more on the other sexes.
But, upon his maturity, he finds his life purpose in working with the resisters
to give them an alternate to living infertility on Earth or mating with the
Oankali. Although Akin’s genetic makeup should make him see the logic and
practicality within the Oankali’s decisions/views, he lived among the resisters
and understood their grievances. This is the same anthropological approach that
Lilith and Kenneth Good used in their situations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Oankali can be viewed as beings of peace and
understanding. The see the genetic makeup of humans as conducive to violence.
However, humans living in Phoenix reject the idea of trading or using firearms because
of their inevitable cause of bodily harm when conflict breaks out among the
people. Guns are only brought into Phoenix when they are required to defend themselves
against other villages. It is Akin’s openness to this different culture that
leads to the ultimate understanding of the people and the development of the Mars
colonial. He showed the rest of the Oankali, even though he was not yet mature,
the resisters’ side and was able to give the resisters another option to their existence.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rape is a prominent topic to both the resisters of the Oankali
and the Yanomami tribes. It is in the reactions of the act that is significant.
With the resisters so eager to reproduce, women are often kidnaped, raped, and
traded among other resister villages. When the Oankali are witnesses to these
acts they intervene to protect the women. When Kenneth Good witnessed the very
common act among the Yanomami, he did not intervene but deeply regretted it
afterwards. Before leaving once, Good threatened the tribe to not touch Yarima.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Until
Good provided the anthropological world with his story, the Yanomami were
viewed as the “fierce people” for their brutal actions. Although Good’s
approaches of intervention are not always supported for anthropological research,
it is also a part of anthropology to know what can and cannot be accepted. If
the brutal acts of different cultures were always acceptable as a cultural ideal
then Hitler and the Nazi party’s actions would have been excusable. Being a
detached observer, as anthropology usually suggests for research, is not always
ideal to the culture. The Oankali protect the humans from destructive acts just
as Good became more intervening with the Yanomami. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Parallels
in the fictional world of the Oankali and the real world of the Yanomami are
always prevalent and lead to the validity of Butler’s work. Butler’s work can
be viewed as a means to promote peace and understanding to her readers by the
showing them the destructive effects of our current actions and aggression towards
each other. If we do not approach each other with the same willingness to learn
and protect one another as Good and the Oankali do, we can only imagine what
outcome we may face. The connection between the fictional and nonfictional
works provide us with the validity of Butler’s ideas behind her warning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lilith had another child who exemplified her approach of
peace. Jodahs is not very similar to its brother, Akin, at first. Early in “Imago,”
Jodahs views the Mars colony as a cruel set up for another human disaster. He
sees giving the option of Mars as almost a false hope for humans to continue
their lives with fertility. Jodahs even tries to convince a human woman to join
with the Oankali instead of going to Mars on pages 530 and 531. He tells the
women and her partner that, because humans are hierarchical and intelligent, their
new world would be destroyed as before because of their urge to dominant it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> As Jodahs begins to mature and is conflicted with his
potential gender, it begins to escape into the forest to be alone. When it
meets and heals Jesusa and Tomás, Jodahs becomes infatuated with the fertile
humans and is appalled by their physical afflictions. As it becomes closer and
closer to the humans it sees how desperate they are to keep their species
alive. They don’t want to be bred into a species of alien hybrids; they would
much rather suffer from the genetic corruption caused by inbreeding. It begins
to see why the Mars colony was created and begins to advocate the option
without pushing a preference. While the Oankali side of Jodahs tells it that
mating with the aliens is their best logical decision, the human side shows it
the importance of carrying on the human species is. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Jodahs also shows us how it does not discriminate. It
heals his guards while it is in captivity and ends up curing a large amount of
the resisters who are disgusted by its kind. By its peaceful approach of the
people and its eagerness to help them, they begin to have a more peaceful and
calm demeanor towards it. Jodahs tells the people, “My people are coming here,
nut they won’t kill. They didn’t kill your elders. They plucked them out of the
ashes of their war, healed them, mated with those who were willing, and let the
others go. If my people were killers, you wouldn’t be here,” (Butler, 730). This
is yet another lesson told by Butler of the positive outcomes that come with
calm and reasoned approaches of others even when they are different in beliefs
and physical appearance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is said that the scent of the Oankali can make one
relaxed and less inclined to violence as they are. I believe that this is
merely a symbol for their calm and logical approaches being adopted by those
they interact with. This is the extraterrestrial version of the Golden Rule. If
you treat others the way you want to be treated, they will treat you as you want
to be treated. Jesusa did not like the Oankali but she eventually risks her
life to save Aaor. By the end of “Imago” the resisters are cooperating with the
Oankali and willing to stop their inbreeding to partake in one of the
alternative options presented by the Oankali. Had a more aggressive approach
been taken, they would probably have been causalities on both sides.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> One may say that Lilith was too inexperienced of an anthropologist
for her actions to have anything to do with her studies. This may be true to an
extent. Perhaps her actions have nothing to do with anthropology. This however,
has no effect of the overall message. Even if Lilith is inexperienced in the
field, she still had knowledge of her subject ad was able to put it into
practice with the Oankali. If Lilith and her children are naturally open to
learn from others than we should be as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> One may also say that all these links and symbols are probably
just coincidence and that I’m reading too much between the lines. How could
aliens mating with humans after an apocalypse serve as any kind of warning to
the readers? I do not think that Octavia Butler would write a trilogy with no
message behind it especially considering her background in writing about social
issues such as race and power as mentioned at the end of “Imago.” There must be
some type of lesson that is to be learned from this reading. What would it be
if it isn’t the promotion of peace and understanding? These lessons can be put
into effect throughout the world and in our personal interactions. Between understanding
the conflict in Israel and Palestine and approach others with the intention of
resolving issues instead of fueling conflict, we can use <i>Lilith’s Brood </i>as our guide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The world is made up of so many different cultures that it
is inevitable to have disagreements between them. But we must not be so conceited
to believe that our ways are the only right ways. We have to be sensitive to
one another and not so inclined to change people, who are not harming anyone,
to practice our ways. Butler shows us, just as Good did, to know when to
intervene and when to understand difference. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> While the Oankali may be right in believing that humans
are a flawed species, they are also right in believing that we are intelligent.
We are intelligent enough to know when we are wrong. Hindsight may be 20/20 but
if we just sit down to think about our actions towards one another we may see
the potential mistakes before we make them. Kenneth Good shows us how to adapt
to different ways and be open to new ideas without always voicing your opposing
opinions. Lessons are more likely to be learned when your mouth is closed and
ears are open. Perhaps if Butler’s predicted outcome for Earth were to happen to
our aggression and misunderstandings, we won’t be as fortunate as Lilith to
have aliens save us. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Works cited:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abufarha, Nasser. <i>The Making of a Human Bomb: An Ethnography of Palestinian <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Resistance.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Duke University Press: 2009. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Butler, Octavia. <i>Lilith’s Brood. </i>New York; Warner Books, 2000. Print<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Good, Kenneth. <i>Into the Heart.</i> New York: Longman Publishers, 1996. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Robbins, Richards H. <i>Cultural Anthropology: A Problem-Based Approach. </i>Wadsworth, 2006. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12681270472123204625noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-46928539604906989392014-12-12T12:51:00.000-05:002014-12-12T12:51:17.759-05:00final paper<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Ruthie Cohen<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Professor Johns<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Seminar in Composition<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
15 October 2014<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
The Human Genome
Project: A Step in the Right Direction<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Throughout the
first few chapters of Lewontin’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology
as Ideology</i>, he is a harsh critic of modern science, arguing that
specifically the Human Genome Project offers false hope for those affected by
cancer and similar research is corrupt with poor intentions. Validly pointing
out some of the major flaws in modern scientific research practices, especially
the logic involved in the Human Genome Project, Lewontin’s criticism of modern
science—discernable from that of an “anti-science” advocate—offers a bleak,
pessimistic, and impractical approach to a constantly progressing society. If
scientific possibilities are not explored in an effort to boycott exploitation and
avoid failure, the functionalities of the institutions that might, one day,
cure cancer have no fighting chance. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Although Lewontin
is correct in his depiction of modern science as a sometimes selfish and
corrupt venture, the possible outcomes of this research deem such a claim
insignificant. He notes, “and I sometimes suspect that the claimed significance
of the genome sequencing project for human health is an elaborate cover story
for an interest in the hermeneutics of biological scripture.” Accusing scientists
and doctors alike of using endless funding in order to simply appease curiosity
despite whether a cure is actually attainable, Lewontin suggests that the Human
Genome Project is not directly benefitting those it is supposed to serve. What
Lewontin neglects to address, however, is the overwhelming evidence of progress
and the promise of success. According to the National Human Genome Research
Institute, results of the Human Genome Project are already aiding doctors in
the ongoing battle against cancer. For example, specific knowledge gained from
research has led to a more accurate diagnosis of certain cancers, paving the
way for more effective treatments. In particular, patients carrying a mutation
with metastatic melanoma have responded well to a treatment option that only
works for that mutation. In another case, a set of twins in California suffering
from “life-threatening neuromuscular symptoms” benefitted from research
conducted at the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine.
Upon discovery of a rare mutation present in the twins’ <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">sepiapterin reductase gene,</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">one
that would not have been discovered if not for intensive genetic research,
doctors were able to effectively treat and save the lives of these children.
Lewontin’s caution of “the failure to turn knowledge into therapeutic power”
(69), while it may be compelling in a general aspect, does not acknowledge albeit
small successes, yet ultimately ones that matter and may lead to larger ones.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lewontin
presses, “Why, then, do so many powerful, famous, successful, and extremely
intelligent scientists want to sequence the human genome?” (Lewontin 51). The
answer, Lewontin believes, is in the promises of this work. Although not quite
there yet, scientists are seeing through to the end of the tunnel—“Nobel
prizes…honorary degrees…important professorships…huge laboratory facilities”
(Lewontin 51). Additionally, at the conclusion of “Causes and Their Effects,”
Lewontin claims, “what appears to us in the mystical guise of pure science and
objective knowledge about nature turns out, underneath, to be political,
economic, and social ideology.” (Lewontin 57). Lewontin’s argument suggests
that such scientists are nothing but false, self-made martyrs seeking out the
possible gains of a cure to cancer only to further their own careers. However,
evil in the form of corruption and ill intentions exists in all aspects of
life; an attempt to avoid such evil demonstrates ignorance and naivety. Rather,
a hard look at the past successes and future rewards of continuing with
research like the Human Genome Project puts the negatives in perspective. Recognized
specifically by Lewontin, James Watson’s “lobbying effort…aimed at capturing
very large amounts of public funds and directing the flow of those funds into
an immense cooperative research program” (60) is certainly worthwhile.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
James D. Watson’s
article <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Human Genome Project: Past,
Present and Future </i>provides the optimistic yet realistic future outcomes of
genetic research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As is needed to justify
the amount of money, time, and effort put into the Human Genome Project, an
exploration of past breakthroughs offers hope for future ambitions. The
founding of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, a seemingly
“undreamable scientific objective,” gave scientists the ability to isolate
bacterial genes, allowing for later discoveries in the late twentieth century.
Although this research has only involved the sequencing of several bacteria,
and much more time would be put into sequencing the human genome, results will
“not only help us understand how we function as healthy human beings, but will
also explain, at the chemical level, the role of genetic factors in a multitude
of diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia, that diminish
the individual lives of so many millions of people.” Often mental illnesses
such as schizophrenia become heavy burdens on society, the prevalence of which
increases crime rate, expenses for institutions, and homelessness. While
costly, research of the human genome is beneficial not only for inflicted patients,
but for society as a whole.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Similar
to Lewontin, Watson acknowledges the setbacks of a project such as the Human
Genome Project. These are issues not ignored by Watson, but rather taken into account
by himself and other competent scientists measuring the pros as they outnumber
the cons. Watson discusses an NRC (National Resource Council) meeting in which
the launching of the Human Genome Project was debated. Those opposed expressed
“fear that the project would be divorced from the main currents of biological
research.” Additionally, there were “strong reservations about any project in
which the ultimate control of resources lay in the hands of administrators, as
opposed to control by the scientific community itself.” This concern is
reminiscent of Lewontin’s argument that certain information may not be used
with the best interests of those the project benefits in mind. This is yet
another example of Lewontin too heavily criticizing the evils inherent in many
systems and institutions. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Another important
aspect of implementing such research is the ethical dilemma it poses, an issue
briefly touched upon by Lewontin. The groundbreaking knowledge of genetics
coming out of the Human Genome Project could cause havoc if released to the
public. If differences in genetics are found among, say, different races,
ethnicities, sexual orientations, etc. it could be the basis of genetic discrimination.
If taken advantage of, such information could be detrimental to society. In an
article titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ethics, Business and the
Human Genome </i>Project, Tim Symanietz expands on Lewontin’s worry regarding
ethics and the Human Genome Project. With more information available regarding
genetics, people will one day be able to learn that they will have a certain
disease but may not be able to do anything about it. This creates even more
problems, such as whether the doctor should be required to inform the patient
of red flags or whether this decision should be left up to the patient. Even if
the ailment is preventable, an individual may lead a very different life
knowing a possibly grim future awaits. Symanietz lists “other ethical concerns”
including “<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">human cloning, gene
modification for treatment of diseases and manipulation of genes to produce
superior traits.” </span>On the other hand, if scientists who have the
capability and the means to possibly cure cancer do not follow through, is this
an even worse ethic violation? Personally, I believe that the latter. The Human
Genome Project, underneath the robotic aspects of science, becomes an issue of
personal opinion. Are these lives worth saving at any cost? Advocates of the
Human Genome Project may take into account the criticisms of Lewontin, yet are
convinced that indeed lives are priceless and worthy of any endeavor.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Finally, Lewontin
questions the time and money put into the Human Genome Project, an effort that
“might take thirty years and occupy tens or even hundreds of billions of
dollars” (48-49). This major setback of the project, seemingly deeming it a
failed business venture, is put in perspective by economic benefits. So far,
the project has generated “800 billion dollars and has also employed just under
4 million people in such a short period of time,” not to mention the money made
from new drugs and methods of treatment aiding newly diagnosed patients.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lewontin’s
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ideology as Biology: The Doctrine of DNA</i>
is built on the largely accepted theory that our biology is influenced by both
genetic and environmental factors. Lewontin’s less vehement points about the
Human Genome Project, including misguided funding, inaccurate scientific
claims, among other reasons, are ultimately in support of a larger argument. Criticizing
those in favor of genetic determinism—the belief that genes and genes alone are
responsible for one’s composition—Lewontin argues that the Human Genome Project
does not account for environmental factors and therefore is not effective in
finding a cure for cancer. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recognizing
the significance genetics have in the cause and treatment of cancer, Lewontin
puts it simply: “we get cancer because our genes are not doing their business,”
(41) however insisting that more care should be taken to include “environmental
insult theories of the causes of cancer” (41). These ideas are explored in
depth in the chapter <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Causes and Their
Effects</i>, in which Lewontin discusses the causes and effects of our
surroundings on our health and the consequences of ignoring them. It is true
that in the modern sense, tragedies such as “alcoholism, criminality, drug
addiction, and mental disorders” (46) are thrust under the genetic umbrella.
Society blames genes for a variety of issues that have strong environmental
influences. Perhaps the Human Genome Project, described by Lewontin as “the
current manifestation of that belief in the importance of our inheritance in
determining health and disease,” (46) could use a supplemental investigation of
environmental factors that may lead to cancer or rather a method that
incorporates both. While Lewontin is no doubt a harsh critic of modern science,
particularly the Human Genome Project, its discontinuation is not necessarily
in support of the arguments made in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology
as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA </i>or in the best interests of those
1,665,540 individuals diagnosed with cancer in 2014 and the many more to come.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is apparent that Lewontin is not against the Human Genome Project for the sake
of cancer research nor for the sake of modern scientific research at all,
rather he is opposed to the corrupt nature of its administrative forces and the
misunderstandings among glorification of the project. Therefore, instead of dismissing
important genetic research for it’s subliminal support of genetic determinism, methods
that address the environmental influences of cancer as a third perspective is
worth considering. Of course, it is now common knowledge that smoking
cigarettes often leads to lung cancer and careless exposure to radiation from
sunlight can cause skin cancer such as melanoma; harmful toxins like asbestos
and lead paint are also generally known to cause health problems, many of which
lead to cancer. As is the case with most criticisms, Lewontin points out many
problems with The Human Genome Project, which is no spectacle given the
inherent uncertainty and experimentation that goes hand in had with
breakthrough scientific research. Only some kind of representation of genetic
factors in addition to the continuation of research like the Human Genome
Project will appease critics like Lewontin while minimizing the public’s risk
of cancer. If the environmental impacts on cancer as well as genetics are not
addressed, the two forces can not both be accounted for. As I have expressed in
my defense of the Human Genome Project, I believe that philosophically and
ethically—and to a certain degree intellectually—it is necessary to support
such research. In order to keep this project in full swing, and in consideration
of Lewontin’s claims, I agree some representation of environmental factors
needs to be accounted for. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lewontin
and other critics of the Human Genome Project have a point—perhaps efforts made
by the project have not been entirely successful and pose many ethical and
intellectual problems. Morally, there remain issues regarding privacy and genetic
discrimination, however, the moral implications of delaying a process with
potential that we are capable of starting now are much more drastic. The
research involved in the Human Genome Project represents a step in the right
direction, a trial-and-error process that may very well end in error. Still,
there remains a small glimmer of hope in the form of small successes that give
scientists a reason to think that this is a cause worth pursuing. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Works Cited<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Collins, Francis
S., MD, PhD, and Victor A. McKusick, MD. "Implications of the Human Genome
Project for Medical Science." <i>JAMA Network</i>. The Journal of the
American Medical Association, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">"Human
Genome Project Pros and Cons - HRF." <i>HRF</i>.
Healthresearchfunding.org, 17 Feb. 2014. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lewontin, R.C. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology
as Ideology. </i>New York: HarperCollins Publishers; 1991. Print.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Symanietz, Tim.
"Ethics, Business and the Human Genome Project." <i>Ethics, Business
and the Human Genome Project</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/248/4951/44.full.pdf">http://www.sciencemag.org/content/248/4951/44.full.pdf</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ruthie Cohenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07268166271671667413noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-81302341862641062692014-12-11T18:18:00.002-05:002014-12-11T18:18:35.749-05:00Final Project<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
Ryan
Cooley<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
December
11, 2014<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
Seminar
in Composition<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
Adam
Johns<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Urbanization: Not the
Bad Guy, but the Key to our Future<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 200%;">The world is urbanizing rapidly, with cities
today concentrating more than half the world’s population. While it is widely
accepted that development and urbanization go hand in hand, the expansion of
cities gives rise to both opportunities and challenges, with countries
urbanizing in quite different ways. Urbanization has occurred at different
times and different paces, and some countries have concentrated the urban
populations in few mega cities, while others have spread the urban populations
across many smaller towns. Perhaps the most interesting question that has come
with increased urbanization is its effect on education and poverty. In fact,
today most do not know about the relationship between the nature of the urbanization
process and reduction in poverty. </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The majority of people opposed to this argument and even kids
in school are taught to associate urbanized life with negatives like pollution
and the poor. However, I hope to show the full potential of urbanization and
the direction in which the nations in our world are going. For in the near
future the world will likely encounter a great need for technology and energy
that can only be achieved through more urbanization. Thus, while adversaries argue
that there are many negatives to living in an urban environment, in this essay
I hope to show the reader that increased urbanization has many positive impacts:
including a reduction in poverty, increased environmental benefits, and
stronger education for those who live in urban communities. And instead, it is
through increased urbanization that we as a race can hope to one day eliminate these
problems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> It
is no secret that countries love their large cities because they make money and
the larger the attraction the more money a country reels in. Governments see
their cities like business’ see their products, let me use the movie industry
to illustrate this. A production studio gets pitched thousands of scripts but
only produces a handful of theatrical films per year. While reading over
scripts, executives of a studio meet and discuss a couple things: is it a good
script with potential and how do they think audiences will respond. For every
movie is greenlit, the studio wants to study do people care about this movie,
basically how large is the audience. If the executives decide that the movie
will produce good profit, the movie is made, simple as that. The same goes for
most all industries, if the product is has a high demand and will make a lot of
money, it is made. The same goes with a country and their attractions like a
city. Urbanized communities make money and assist in economic growth. This is
why it seems as if so much money is thrown at places like New York City and
Washington D.C., tourists are greatly attracted to them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> As a
result of all this, Jude Clemente of Forbes Magazine found “movement into urban
areas is occurring on a staggering scale, over 70 million people a year” (Clemente).
His research continues to point out that over fifty-three percent of the world
is now urbanized and by 2050 the percentage is projected to reach seventy
percent along with the growth from twenty-four to one hundred “megacities”
(population of ten million). In turn, urbanization will bring new jobs and
higher productivity because of its positive externalities and economies of
scale (long run advantages), dimming the population of the world living in poverty.
A current example, “Asian urban productivity is more than 5.5 times that of
rural areas” (Clemente), explaining why the most developed nations are “around
80% urbanized, versus less than 30% for the least developed [nations]”
(Clemente). If cities were the main cause of poverty, none of these facts would
exist for government and heavy investors would not put their money into a
failing project. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> In
a twenty year case study (1991-2010) performed by Luc Christiaensen, Joachim De
Weerdt, and Yasuyuki Todo of the World Bank, “Urbanization and Poverty
Reduction –The Role of Rural Diversification and Secondary Towns,” 3,300 people
living in rural Kagera and Tanzania were analyzed as to their daily living. The
study followed them as they exited poverty. Which, according to the study, they
did by transitioning from agriculture into the rural nonfarm economy or
secondary towns. The authors state their paper to be “a different view and
seeks to shift the dialogue beyond the oft stale dichotomy between rural and
urban development communities” (3, Christiaensen). Through this quote
Christiaensen is drawing attention to the negative and incorrect view of the
urbanization process. Furthermore, when analyzing their data over four decades
(1970-2010) they noted increased urbanization and decreased poverty at a
greater speed. Their results showed poverty among the individuals of Kagera and
Tanzania almost halved (from 58 percent to 30 percent) and almost half of the
poverty decline could be attributed to “rural diversification and migration to
small towns (i.e. the transition out of agriculture into the middle).” (23, Christiaensen).
Furthermore, the study found that intriguingly “only 1 in 7 of the people who
exited poverty, did so through migration to the larger cities.” What this may
imply is the importance of rural diversification and the better ability of poor
rural households to connect with the rural economy and smaller towns in exiting
poverty, even though average consumption growth was substantially higher among
those moving to the cities. In other words, this stat expands my argument to
urban communities not necessarily narrowed to cities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> On
the other side of these claims are people who view these developments with more
suspicion and see them as an omen of new sources of poverty. These people point
to “congestion effects hindering growth and the negative externalities from
geographically concentrated poverty (such as violence) as well as the irreversibility
of urban migration” (3, Christiaensen). This is the explanation for what I pointed
out in my introduction where we are taught to associate the poor with cities
because when we visit and study large cities it comes to fruition that a larger
share of the poverty stricken population appear to be living in urban areas
even though my cited studies show that poverty has come down substantially. While I will address the geographical and
environmental effects later in this essay, the ‘congestion effects’ are a side
effect of the nature of urbanization unfortunately because where there is jobs,
there is an over saturation of people. These counter arguments are short
sighted because if you sit back and think about the big picture urban
communities “reduce the area that humans can impact onto the environment,”
(Clemente) thereby indirectly protecting nature elsewhere. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> While
it seems as if the deeper you travel into an urban community, the more blight
stricken areas you see, however this is not always the case. For example, in
Pittsburgh: the suburbs are very nice and attractive to families then one
enters Oakland which has strong culture and of course a strong college vibe
then moving into the city of Pittsburgh, one will experience a quality city
with personality. “</span>Cities may concentrate poverty, but they also
represent the best hope of escaping it. Although cities embody the
environmental damage, namely, increasing emissions due to transportation,
energy consumption and other factors, policymakers and experts increasingly
recognize the potential value of cities to long-term sustainability. It could
be that these potential benefits of urbanization outweigh the disadvantages.”(18,
Zarzoso). <span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">At each deeper level the number of poorer people seems
to grow but that’s simply a generalization, “Urbanization is the pathway to
eradicating global poverty…to that end, everyone deserves the quality of life
enjoyed by the urbanized West.” (Clemente). Together these case study and
article results “call attention to the spatial allocation and orientation of
infrastructure and policies in steering the world’s ongoing urbanization and development.”
(24, Christiaensen). Poverty is not a problem caused by urbanization but an advantage
reduced by urbanization. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> The
most common arguments against urbanization, often coming from voices of
environmentalists, is how it hurts the environment and while I am not denying
the existence of negative externalities resulting from the likes of
construction and factories, the notion that the environment suffers from
urbanization is short-sighted. In the chapter, “Resources and Rural Communities:
Looking Ahead,” by Kathleen Segerson, she claims “industrialization and
developments that lead to environmental externalities can often affect
communities” (211, Frontiers). But, in a journal by David Dodman, “Blaming
cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions
inventories,” Dodman’s findings conclude that “analysis of emissions
inventories shows that – in most cases – per capita emissions from cities are
lower than the average for the countries in which they are located” (1, Dodman).
While this does not directly shoot down Segerson’s claim, it does prove why I call
the blame of urbanization on hurting the environment short-sighted because pointing
the finger at a city without scientific proof is too simple of a solution.
Dodman cites a study by United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
(UN–HABITAT) has stated that cities are “…responsible for 75 per cent of global
energy consumption and 80 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions” but in response
Dodman states “urban residents tend to generate a substantially smaller volume
of greenhouse gas emissions than residents elsewhere in the same country” (2,
Dodman). In other words, this means that the only reason urban areas output a disproportionate
amount of pollution is simply because lots of the world still has very little
access to resources. As Dodman said, those in similar situations actually
expend less energy in urban environments than in non-urban ones. Furthermore, this
is also because of environmental laws and taxations that cause large polluting
companies to either move away from urban communities and cities or are (more
commonly) required to reduce their admissions. Throughout his journal Dodman
cites cities in all regions of the world, not just North America because
pollution is not a national problem for America but a threat to our Earth that
together we created during the Industrial Revolution and together the whole
world is trying to correct our mistake. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Getting
into the more specifics, this paper is focusing on Greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions
as the main form of pollution and combining with Dodman’s study, another study “The
Impact of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries” by
Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso, there is a lot proof that cities are not to blame anymore
for CO2 pollution. What I have found to be very interesting from Zarzoso’s
study is that developed countries are not the ones to place the blame on regarding
air pollution, but instead developing countries. During the time period of 1975
to present day developing nations are responsible for over half of the world’s
CO2 emissions. This pattern reminds me of the proverb ‘what comes up must go
down’ because during the Industrial Revolution there was a major rise in
greenhouse gases in countries that embraced industrialization (U.S., China,
U.K., etc.) but because they have settled, their responsibility of air
pollution has since decreased. So these new developing countries, of which
Zarzoso does not name, are too going through their initial climb in the latter
half of the twentieth century and within my lifetime it could be predicted that
they settle and begin to decrease their emissions too. He concludes with, “this
result has a very important policy implication: once urbanization reaches a <b>certain level</b>, the effect on emissions
turn out to be negative, contributing to <b>reduced</b>
environmental damage” (18, Zarzoso), what goes up does come down. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Returning
to Clemente’s article, I only touched upon one half of his argument, the other
half has to do with like it says in the title “Helping the Environment.” He
primarily focuses on the China and India for they are coal-based and “</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 200%;">in
the midst of the largest urbanizations in world history, and it will continue
for decades” (Clemente) continuing boldly by claiming that they will have a
main role in the future of the world’s energy. With over eighty-percent of the
world still living in “undeveloped nations” (Clemente), once they develop, in
parallel to Zarzoso’s study, the energy demand on the horizon appears quite
massive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="background: white; line-height: 200%;"> According to Clemente’s Data, the last time this type
of boom happened from 1955-2010: c</span><span style="background: white;">oal demand increased from 2 billion tonnes to 7.1 billion tonnes</span>,
oil<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>demand grew from 10 million
b/d to 88 million b/d, and natural gas use rose from 8 Tcf to 113 Tcf,
cement use rose over 3 billion tonnes, steel consumption increased from
200 million tonnes to 1,400 million tonnes and finally nuclear power rose from
nil to 2,500 TWh. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="background: white;"> Without
great knowledge of environmental engineering hopefully you can realize that
those numbers indicate quite the boom. Starting in 2013, China is going through
a twelve year project to bring four hundred million people into cities bringing
the country to seventy-seven percent urbanized. On the other side of the
spectrum, </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 200%;">India is easily the most energy-deprived nation
on Earth, with “over 300 million people lacking access to electricity”
(Clemente). Fortunately, urbanization will help lift India’s per capita annual
electricity use of “just 700 kWh” (Clemente), a figure that is comparable to
the U.S. in the 1920s.</span> As a result, in context with the imminent next
boom India’s urbanization will also bring huge amounts of coal for energy
consumption for the world. Clemente conclude by stating “those who have stated
their aspirations to achieve universal energy access must comprehend what it
will take to reach that goal” because as a species we have what seems to be an
innate drive to always raise the bar and overcome new challenges that further
our success.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Onto
the final of my topics, educational benefits of urbanization which I believe to
the most obvious results of urbanization. At the same time it might also be the
most beneficial on a grand scale and according to “Sustainable Urbanization” by
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiaztion “</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 200%;">the school is a unique institution where
connections are made between world problems and local life.” In an article by
Paul Romer of Urbanizationproject.org “Education complements Urbanization,”
Romer’s research of underdeveloped nations like those in Latin America showed
that there was nothing wrong with the school systems in the region but when he
studied what the students were actually learning he </span><span style="background: white; color: #121a1f; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">found that
schools in the region dramatically underperformed those in the rest of the
world.</span> Allowing Romer to hypothesize “the skills gap was so large that
it could easily account for the region's chronically poor growth performance<span style="background: white; color: #121a1f; font-family: "Tahoma",sans-serif;">” </span><span style="background: white; color: #121a1f; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">(Romer)
proving a positive correlation between urbanization and higher education. This is
because as I mentioned earlier, urbanization can have positive effect on
economic growth thus more money gets flushed into an education system. Additionally,
Romer cites a proverb of the book “The Chosen Few” and states “[these
statistics] show that urbanization and literacy reinforce each other</span>”
(Romer). All in all of his article, urbanized or currently urbanizing countries
can use education to reach their full potential whereas lesser developed
nations like Brazil, weak education systems is their roadblock to catching up
with the rest of the world. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="background: white; color: #121a1f; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> I
would to bring attention to a quite famous article by Robert J. Havighurst
called “Urbanization and Education in the United States” which proves
correlation in our national rising education ever since we became an urban
which was “in this sense until after the first World War” (3, Havighurst). He goes
onto claim since urbanization is a process of bringing people together in towns
and cities, this process has increased the average size of schools and decreased
the number of school districts with small enrolments, this data gathered up
until the 1970’s. His data shows that just over two-thirds of school children
and teachers are located in a metropolitan and suburban areas because cities
are basically a centralized place for intelligence. He then goes onto analyze
school quality by economic class in the country and there is quite the obvious
disadvantage for lower economic class in education but to sum up his argument.
At any level there is still a higher form of education in cities and urban
areas than is found in most countries around the world. Havighurst concludes
with “The schools do not simply reflect the structure of the community of
today. They also influence the structure of the community of tomorrow” (407,
Havighurst) which highlights the not only the importance of urbanization but
also its greatest contribution to our world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The higher standard of
living seems to be associated with urbanization providing people with “better
food, education, housing and health care” (Clemente) and a solution to not only
future energy problems and problems of all kind. Urban growth generates money
that is flushed into the infrastructure of better public life. F</span>urther
suggesting that growth promoting interventions that enable poor people to access
growth and basic infrastructure services more directly (as through rural diversification
and secondary town development) are also more likely to “lift more of them out of
poverty, than when the benefits of growth have to trickle down from the metropolis”
(24, <span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Christiaensen).</span>
Urbanization continues to prove the “green” people wrong along with those who
find a city to be the sanctuary for the poverty stricken. But most importantly,
increasing urbanization improves education. Improving the minds of the next
generation saves the generations after them and more generations to come.<span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Works Cited:<o:p></o:p></div>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wu, JunJie, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A.
Weber.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Frontiers in Resource
and Rural Economics: Human-nature, Rural-urban Interdependencies</i>.
Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2008. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, Friedrich
Engels, and Ellen Meiksins. Wood.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Communist Manifesto</i>. New York: Monthly Review, 1998. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">Dodman, David. "Blaming Cities for
Climate Change? An Analysis of Urban Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Inventories." (n.d.): n. pag.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sage Journal</i>. 2009. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.
<http://eau.sagepub.com/content/21/1/185.full.pdf html>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">MARTÍNEZ-ZARZOSO, INMACULADA. "The Impact
of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries."
Diss. CESIFO VENICE SUMMER INSTITUTE, 2008. Abstract.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Impact of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from
Developing Countries</i>. Repec, 2008. Web.
11 Dec. 2014. <https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_2377.html>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">Clemente, Jude. "Urbanization: Reducing
Poverty and Helping the Environment."<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Forbes</i>. Forbes Magazine, 22 July 2014. Web. 11 Dec.
2014.
<http://www.forbes.com/sites/judeclemente/2014/07/22/urbanization-reducing-poverty-and-helping-the-environment/>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">"News."<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">2nd Urbanization and Poverty Reduction Research Conference</i>. The World Bank, 12 Nov. 2014. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2014/07/07/urbanization-and-poverty-reduction-research-conference>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
Christiaensen,
Luc, Joachim De Weerdt, and Yasuyuki Todo. "Urbanization and Poverty
Reduction The Role of Rural Diversification and Secondary Towns." <i>Urbanization
and Poverty Reduction</i> (2013): n. pag.<i>Wider.unu.edu</i>. Apr. 2013.
Web. 8 Dec. 2014. <http://www1.wider.unu.edu/inclusivegrowth/sites/default/files/IGA/Christiaensen_1.pdf>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;"><o:p><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">Havighurst, Robert J. "Urbanization and
Education in the United States."</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">International Review of Education</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> 13.4
(1967): 393-409. Web. 11 Dec. 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 200%;">"Sustainable Urbanization."<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">UNESCO</i>.
United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization, n.d. Web. 11 Dec.
2014.
<http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fthemes%2Fleading-the-international-agenda%2Feducation-for-sustainable-development%2Fsustainable-urbanisation%2F>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Romer, Paul. "Education Complements
Urbanization."<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.0pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Urbanization Project</i>. Urbanization Project, 19 June 2013. Web. 11 Dec.
2014.
<http://urbanizationproject.org/blog/education-complements-urbanization#.VIoDaDHF83k>.</span></span><o:p></o:p></h1>
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Ryan Cooleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05335921990259144192noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-30464264271998234502014-12-11T15:45:00.000-05:002014-12-11T15:45:02.552-05:00The End.<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Samuel Li</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dr. Adam Johns</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">English Composition 0200</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28 November 2014</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Namesake</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The tale of Lilith had a profound effect on literature, art, and the lens with which we view and interpret religion. In Abrahamic lore, she was the first wife of Adam, a demon and succubus, a symbol of sin. Yet artists and writers developed a fascination for Lilith, portraying her in steadily more tragic and sympathetic lights. Her story has made her a symbol of modern feminism, yet her nature is that of a demon. Traditionally, Lilith symbolizes evil and sin, yet as time goes on, we interpret her story in more positive lights; where before we saw disobedience, we now see independence. Where before she was hated and fear, now her </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">story </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is admired. Reinterpretation of the what we already know not only paints our previous views in new lights, but also challenges our original beliefs. This being so, it’s no surprise that the titular Lilith of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Brood</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> acts as the protagonist and hero of the story, as an allegory of the original Lilith’s tale. Her portrayal in the story makes a statement on the original tale and the values behind it. More specifically, with her novel, she constantly challenges the traditional perspective, reinterpreting evil into good, showing how mere association does not set morality in stone.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To begin, a disclaimer: Lilith, despite her cultural impact and widespread popularity, did not appear in the original Bible, at least not enough to have a story. At best, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">something</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can could be interpreted as Lilith appears in one or two lines, yet it makes no mention of her as Adam’s first wife, or as the temptress who has Eve eat the forbidden fruit. Originally, she was merely a Babylonian demon, who preyed on infants and pregnant mothers, and she remained that way for quite a while. However, the Old Testament mentions God creating a woman even before he created Eve from Adam’s rib: “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.” (KJV, Gen. 1.27) Therefore, some people theorized that another woma</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n must have </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">existed before Eve, and so Lilith’s story was born. She did not get her own story until the apocryphal </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alphabet of Ben Sira</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, an anonymous Jewish text that first establishes her tale, additions to the original texts. (Gaines)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It begins with Ben Sira’s account, when God creates Adam out of the earth, and decides to create another human from the earth: a female, Lilith. Contrast this with how Eve was said to be created from Adam’s rib: whereas there the female was derived from the male, here, the male and female were created side-by-side. Whereas Eve submitted, Lilith did not. This became a source of conflict, where “She said, 'I will not lie below,' and he said, 'I will not lie beneath you, but only on top. For you are fit only to be in the bottom position, while am to be in the superior one.' Lilith responded, 'We are equal to each other inasmuch as we were both created from the earth.'” (Anonymous) Their fights escalated to the point where Lilith pronounced God’s true name, a terrible sin, and left the Garden, flying away as a winged demon. God further punished her by killing a hundred of her children, the Lilim, each passing day should she not return to the Garden, and she retaliates by killing babies. (Gaines) Her story only gets longer from here. In the Treatise on the Left Emanation, “...evil Samael and wicked Lilith are like a sexual pair who, by means of an intermediary, receive an evil and wicked emanation from one and emanate to the other.” (Ha-Kohen) God, fearing the onset of their demonic children, forbids them to procreate, and Lilith turns promiscuous in retaliation. More and more artists and writers added their interpretations and spins on her character. Some were sympathetic, like in Robert Browning’s “Adam, Lilith, and Eve”, where Lilith was the one who truly loved Adam. Others were not, where Lilith makes a deal with the devil to assume the shape of a serpent, to be the serpent who tempts Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. The important parts to take away from this, however, is that first, Lilith gets banished from Eden for defying God, representative of the ultimate authority. Second, she symbolizes promiscuity and fertility, and couples with demons, birthing even more demons, the Lilim. Third, while it is a tentative point, Lilith is a temptress, often associated with the serpent that convinced Eve to eat the fruit, resulting in their banishment.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, who symbolizes who? As the main character, Lilith stands at the center of it all; who the others represent is mostly defined by their relationship with Lilith herself. But to begin, a fundamental question, who symbolizes God? In this case, it’s not a </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">who</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, but a </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">what</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Seeing as how this story lacks any real characters on the level of a deity, God isn’t symbolized by any single character, but a concept. In the original tale, God is merely represents the authority Lilith defies. She refuses its values, defies its orders, and speaks its true name, causing it to banish her from Eden. However, she still makes a deal with God, promising not to kill any children that wear an amulet with her name on it, showing how she’s not completely free from its authority. (Gaines) Thus, in </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Brood</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, God is symbolized as the concept of humanity, as the sanctity of humanity is the ultimate authority for the humans in the novel. “Humanity” is what literally every human in the novel holds as sacred, even Lilith. This becomes even more apparent as the Lilith awakens more humans, where they start to turn against Oankali, fighting back in the name of preserving their humanity. When they discover Joseph to be modified, and no longer “pure human”, they kill him. They refer to Lilith and the Oankali, the “inhuman”, as “...you and your animals.” (Butler 227) In all their scenes, they value their humanity above all else, even their own survival. Even Lilith, the supposed betrayer of humanity, fears that their children “...won’t be human. That’s what matters. You can’t understand, but that is what matters.” (Butler 248) This ties in to Lilith’s deal with God. Even if Lilith from the myth betrays God, she is not free from its influence and authority. Similarly, even if Lilith from the novel “betrays” humanity, she is likewise not free from its influence, and still wishes to protect it. Seeing as how the humans view human purity as the ultimate “good” in this conflict, being the main idea to protect and obey, it stands to reason that the concept of humanity represents God, the ultimate purity and ultimate authority. On the contrary, the Oankali, as the threats to the idea of “humanity”, are the demons.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The difference, however, is that where the original myth portrays Lilith’s betrayal of humanity as negative, Butler’s portrays it as positive. Whereas Lilith’s original refusal to obey God was condemned, in the novel, it was the “right” choice. By positively portraying the novel’s Lilith’s actions in the novel, Butler makes a statement on the original myth, that the myth’s Lilith’s actions were right and justified, which is consistent on a feminist interpretation of the myth. As Lilith refuses to submit to Adam, insisting that they are equals, Lilith has become a symbol for modern Jewish feminists, to the point that one of the most prominent Jewish feminist magazines out there is named after her. Today, “Ignoring or explaining away Lilith’s unsavory traits, feminists have focused instead upon Lilith’s independence and desire for autonomy.” (Gaines) Butler takes a similar stance, where in the novel, Lilith does not submit to the other surviving men, despite multiple attempts to subdue her: rape attempts, demonization, and so on.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s relationship with God and Adam as </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">individuals </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">isn’t quite as important here, seeing as how in the novel, there is no clear “Adam”. The sentiment is the same, in that they both defied “authority”, and what was perceived by humanity to be morally right, and were thus cast out for it. Admittedly, the exact motivations were different. In the myth, Lilith wanted to assert her independence. In the novel, independence, at least from the male gender, is almost a non-issue. Instead, Lilith believes her actions are the best for humanity, even if it sacrifices what makes them human, which causes her ostracization. The resemblance still holds, in which both Liliths abandon God for “demons”. In the case of the novel, the “demons” are both partially figurative, where they seek to destroy what makes humanity human, and partially literal, with “Medusa children. Snakes for hair. Nests of night crawlers for eyes and ears.” (Butler 43) This comparison with demons becomes even more important when the Lilith in the novel starts to “mate” with the Oankali, the demons, paralleling how the Lilith in the myth mates with Samael after her banishment. The fact that said “snakes” and “night crawlers” act as the medium with which the Oankali mate with the humans further reinforces the comparison with Lilith and Samael, equivalent to “the serpent who is in the image of an intermediary between Lilith and her mate.” (Ha-Kohen) Similarly, mating with Samael causes Lilith to gain a reputation of promiscuity, while Lilith’s “mating” with the Oankali causes the other humans to react in the same way: “Strip and screw your Nikanj right here for everyone to see, why don’t you. We know you’re their whore! Everyone here knows!” (Butler 241)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Similarly to the previous example, the portrayals are reversed in the myth versus the novel. In the myth, her coupling with demons is the ultimate sign that Lilith has betrayed God. In the novel, her coupling with “demons” is not an act of betrayal, but loyalty, in that she does so to save humanity. “I don’t like what they’re doing, and I’ve never made any secret of it. But they’re in this with us.” (Butler 282) In both versions, the ultimate authority denounces Lilith’s actions and the coupling with demons, yet in the novel, the narration and general plot makes it clear that the coupling is not only justified, but the most optimal decision. This serves to further hammer in the theme of inverting traditional values established by religion and myth.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of the most important aspects of Lilith’s character, and what this all leads up to in the end, is her association with serpents, and her nature as a temptress. While her relationship with the serpent that tempted Eve is not quite as widespread in the reinterpretations of her myth, it still exists, and fits in with her novel counterpart. The serpent tempted the pure humans into eating the fruit of knowledge, and as it turns out, “eating fruit in Genesis 3 is a simple metaphor for intercourse and, therefore, the biblical narrator wishes to tell the reader by means of this metaphor that Adam and Eve experienced sex for the first time in the Garden” (Veenker 57), an interpretation that comes from how fruit is prevalently used in sexual metaphors, especially in Near Eastern and Mesopotamian literature. Similarly, in the novel, it’s thanks to Lilith’s influence that the humans mate with Oankali, a decision which they regret, because it stains their humanity. In the same way “eating the fruit of knowledge” causes God to banish Adam and Eve from Eden, mating with the Oankali causes the humans to fear for their humanity, and each time, Lilith is the “temptress” who causes, directly or indirectly, this “fall”.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yet again, Butler’s portrayal challenges the original. Whereas in the original, this led to humanity’s fall from grace, in the novel, it’s a necessary evil, required for humanity to survive and progress. She was not the first to come up with the idea. If we are to take the eating of the fruit of knowledge as a sexual metaphor, then the banishment from Eden could easily represent growth, loss of innocence, and most importantly, maturity. “In Eden they were childlike and innocent, hardly fit for the world outside paradise. Then they ate fruit, i.e., they “knew ” each other sexually, thus beginning the “ascent of knowledge” which led them to make clothes for themselves, a further sign of their civilization. Now they were ready for life in the world beyond Eden.” (Veenker 71) Similarly, mating with, or “knowing” the Oankali gives them the abilities they need to survive down in Earth, with improved bodies, minds, and hastened development. While the process is ugly, to the point where man humans refuse it and try to rebuild humanity while sterile and incapable of procreation, it’s presented as necessary for humanity to survive. The ideal of human purity demands that the humans refuse the Oankali’s help, because their ways taint them, stain their purity, and make them lose their humanity. Yet, in the same way Adam and Eve are not beyond all redemption for losing their innocence, Lilith believes that “some of what makes us Human will survive, just as some of what makes them Oankali will survive.” (Butler 282) Even if accepting the change means sacrificing their purity, it doesn’t mean sacrificing the entirety of their humanity.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A common theme among all of these reinterpretations of the myth is an inversion of good and evil, or more specifically, finding good in what was previously considered evil. By presenting alternative reinterpretations challenging the traditional ideas, Butler challenges its authority. Often, people will bring up religious anecdotes and excerpts to prove a point, as if being part of an established religion makes it valid or sound evidence, a practice that still goes on today. Some people will use it to justify sexism, citing Eve’s role in being the first to eat the fruit of knowledge, and to know sin. Others will use it to justify arguments against certain civil rights issues, the matter of same-sex marriage being one of the most prominent ones. Even today, we have people who will take the rules put forth by the religious texts as law. Butler’s reinterpretations neatly demonstrates that even when a situation mirrors those of the religious texts, that doesn’t set the morality in stone. Similarity to specific myths does not automatically set one side as good, one side as evil, simply because of the similarities in themes.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Because of the prevalence of religious texts in our moral values, specific themes are held sacred for the sake of holding them sacred, merely by association. We value purity and innocence, for example, yet staying pure prevents us from growing as people, or developing new morals or ideas. We get a choice of what we can put on a pedestal: staying forever pure and unchanged, or accepting the change, both good and bad. Yet simply because influential texts say that purity is the way to go, doesn’t mean that we have to accept that unquestioningly and unconditionally. If we want to change for the better, we will have to challenge the morals that have already been established, to determine if they are morals truly worth following.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Works Cited</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Anonymous. "Alphabet of Ben Sira Question 5 (23a-b)." Trans. Bronznick, Norman. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jewish and Christian Literature</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Alan Humm. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Bible, King James Version</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Bible Resources. Web. 1 Dec 2014.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Butler, Octavia E. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Brood</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2000. Print.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gaines, Janet H. "Lilith - Seductress, Heroine, or Murderer?" Bible History Daily. Biblical Archaeology Society, 11 Aug. 2014. Web. 29 Nov 2014.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ha-Kohen, Isaac. "Treatise on the Left Emanation." Trans. Kiener, Ronald C. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jewish and Christian Literature</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Alan Humm. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Veenker, Ronald A. “Forbidden Fruit: Ancient Near Eastern Sexual Metaphors” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Academia.edu.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Academia, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 2 Dec. 2014. </span></div>
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Sam Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09104709750217460939noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-57080034408920188232014-12-10T21:24:00.001-05:002014-12-10T21:24:37.292-05:00Final Project<div align="center" class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Edward
Abbey: Mystical Anarchist</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Jonathan
Lee</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Edward Abbey was a mystic,
a worshipper of nature, considering himself “not an atheist, but an earthiest.”
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was also a lifelong anarchist,
decrying all those who vie to enslave humanity and nature, inspiring a
multitude of activists with his writings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In his youth, Abbey was fascinated by the writings of Taoist philosopher
Chuang Tzu. In his journals he wrote of one parable in particular,
regarding a man who claimed to know how to manage horses.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“…horses have hooves to
carry them over frost and snow, and hair to protect them from the wind and
cold. They eat grass, drink water, and show their spirit by flinging
up their heels as they gallop over the plains. </span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Such
is the real nature of horses. Then one day a man appeared who
convinced the local people that he truly understood the management of horses
better than they did. So they stepped aside as he branded the
horses, pared their hooves, slipped halters on them, tied them up, hobbled
their legs, and locked them in stables. Before long, three of the
horses died. But that failed to deter the man, who told onlookers
once again that he understood the management of horses better than they. (Bishop
24)</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">This parable appealed to Abbey due to the fact that it
simultaneously decries the oppression of humanity and the mistreatment of
nature</span><b><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">To Abbey, the man represents authority, while the horses
represent both mankind and the natural world; both being better off
untethered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Desert Solitaire,</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> Abbey writes, “…wilderness
is not a luxury but a necessity of the human spirit, and as vital to our lives
as water and good bread. A civilization which destroys what little
remains of the wild, the spare, the original, is cutting itself off from its
origins and betraying the principle of civilization itself” (169). To
Abbey, spirituality demands anarchism, as industry and progress (both
consequences of the state and the concentration of power) inevitably defile and
destroy nature, thereby crippling the human spirit.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Edward Abbey was a fervent
anarchist. This fact is brushed upon briefly in </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Desert Solitaire</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, but is quite obvious
after an examination of Abbey’s life and writings. Within </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Desert Solitaire,</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> Abbey quotes the
revolutionary anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, “there are times when creation can be
achieved only through destruction. The urge to destroy is then a
creative urge” (Abbey 162). Later, Abbey commends the Mormons for
how they have organized their society in a communal and egalitarian fashion. Outside
of </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Desert
Solitaire, </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Abbey’s
journal entries are rife with anarchistic sentiments. In an entry
dated December 1951, Abbey proclaims in his journal that his “favorite
melodramatic theme [is] the harried anarchist, a wounded wolf, struggling
toward the green hills, or the black-white alpine mountains, or the
purple-golden desert range and liberty. Will he make it? Or
will the FBI shoot him down on the very threshold of wilderness and freedom?” (</span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Confessions of a Barbarian </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">10)</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">In his college years, Abbey
frequently had run-ins with authority.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1947, upon Abbey’s posting of a notice on a college bulletin board at
IUP urging students to destroy their draft cards, the FBI opened a file,
keeping tabs on him throughout the rest of his life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Federal Bureau of Investigation)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, at the University of New Mexico, Abbey
was an editor of the student newspaper </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">The Thunderbird</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, publishing an article on anarchism, the cover
displaying the quote “Man will never be free until the last king is strangled
with the entrails of the last priest.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
this, the newspaper removed him from his position and confiscated all
circulated copies of the issue (Cahalan).</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Writing amidst the
pressures of the Cold War, Abbey criticized both the capitalism of the west and
the Soviet-style Marxism of the east, drawing influences from the ideas of
Erich Fromm and Mikhail Bakunin (Anarchism: The Morality of Violence).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey considered himself “an opponent of
government and bureaucracy,” opposing his father’s advocacy for a “socialist
state control of the means of production” as an “answer to poverty and
oppression” (Cahalan).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey detested
government in all its forms, as “socialism, communism, and democratic
capitalism were all guilty of the same failing: accommodating themselves to and
actively encouraging growth of the nation-state” (Bishop 102).</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Upon reading </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Desert Solitaire</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, one finds that Abbey’s
notion of traditional religion is rather contemptuous. When speaking
on death, Abbey refers to the “insolent interference of leech and priest” (213).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Towards the end of the book, in “Episodes and
Visions,” Abbey ridicules the practices of a number of the world’s major
religions, lambasting baptism, the Virgin Mary, the Abrahamic creation myth, as
well as the Hindu doctrines regarding “nasal emunction” (236). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, Abbey does not spare atheism,
ridiculing the “small-town atheist…with his Little Blue Books and sneering
jokes against ancient and venerable institutions” (236). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These critiques that Abbey makes leave very
little room for Abbey’s own beliefs, significantly narrowing down the list of
possible candidates. What is certain, however, is that in spite of
the numerous biblical allusions included within the book, Abbey is convinced of
an alternative belief system.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">The most obvious clue as to
what spiritual beliefs Abbey holds is the constant reference to God, the gods,
and spirits of the desert. His religious sentiments are aptly
expressed in “Down the River,” where he writes, “…when I write of paradise I
mean </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Paradise, </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">not the banal Heaven of the
saints. When I write ‘paradise’ I mean not only apple trees and
golden women but also scorpions and tarantulas and flies, rattlesnakes and Gila
monsters, sandstorms, volcanoes and earthquakes, bacteria and bear, cactus,
yucca, bladderweed, ocotillo and mesquite, flash floods and quicksand, and yes –disease
and death and the rotting of flesh” (167). In fact, this is why Abbey
compulsively ascribes humanly characteristics to everything he encounters, for
which he admonishes himself constantly. In his final
personification, Abbey writes in “Bedrock and Paradox,” “…this sweet virginal
primitive land will be grateful for my departure and the absence of the
tourists, will breathe metaphorically a collective sigh of relief—like a
whisper of wind— when we are all and finally gone and the place and its
creations can return to their ancient procedures unobserved and undisturbed by
the busy, anxious, brooding consciousness of man” (267).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These personifications are deliberate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through them Abbey depicts the literal
consciousness the desert possesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Abbey reveres all things in
the natural world as being holier than any relic, with each component housing a
portion of God, and it must be respected as such. Such are the sentiments
of a true animist, one who believes that all things have a spiritual existence
of their own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further corroborating
Abbey’s animism, he writes in “Polemic: Industrial Tourism and the National
Parks,” “An increasingly pagan and hedonistic people (thank God!), we are
learning finally that the forests and mountains and desert canyons are holier
than our churches” (52).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here it can be
assumed that Abbey uses the term “pagan” rather loosely, not necessarily
referring to polytheists, but rather those who reject prevailing Abrahamic
traditions, and Abbey celebrates this development in American culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is this rejection and celebration that
places Abbey in the category of mystic, “not an atheist,” but seeking spiritual
knowledge from an unorthodox source.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Earlier
in the book, Abbey is captivated by the petroglyphs left on the rocks and
canyons by the Anasazi, depicting “gods from the underworld,” and the like.
(101) “Beware, traveler. You are approaching the land of the horned gods.” It’s
hard not to think that, in a sense, Abbey believes in such deities himself.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">It would be impossible to
pinpoint and flesh out Abbey’s exact beliefs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perhaps Abbey himself couldn’t do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But what is unequivocal is that Abbey’s spirituality is inextricably
linked to nature, and that he sees spiritual value in everything living and
inanimate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Glen Canyon, Abbey’s </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">locus Dei</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, among the “cathedrals and temples and altars” that would befit
“a Hindu pantheon of divinities,” he senses a define presence, some “pure
spirit, pure being, pure disembodied intelligence…” (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Desert Solitaire, </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">176)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
understanding of the divine is always intuitive and ambiguous, making an exact
categorization impossible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I call him an
animist out of convenience; this is based on the fact that he attributes a
spiritual existence to all things natural.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s a general term, but it suits him well.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Abbey’s anarchism is deeply
intertwined with his spirituality. According to the Oxford
Dictionary, mysticism is defined as the “belief that union with or absorption
into the Deity or the absolute, or with spiritual apprehension of knowledge
inaccessible to the intellect, may be attained through contemplation and
self-surrender.” By this definition, Abbey is undoubtedly a mystic. Every
chapter is rife with references to the “spiritual appeal” (240) of the desert,
and the spirits and gods who inhabit it. It seems, in fact, that the
primary reason he took the position of park ranger is on account of his
mysticism. In “The First Morning,” Abbey claims that he has come to
Arches because he wants “To meet God or Medusa face to face, even if it means
risking everything human in myself,” and that he “dream[s] of a hard and brutal
mysticism in which the naked self merges with a non human world…” Abbey’s life
and writings demonstrate that he was an animist with an anarchistic vision. His
work suggests that the institution of a sort of collective anarchism would
align perfectly with nature, and that this harmony demands the smashing of
unnatural forces that mutilate human freedom and Abbey’s revered natural world.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Such a conflation of
mysticism and anarchism is not without precedent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the aftermath of the Bolshevik revolution
in Russia, a new ideology emerged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mystical Anarchism, primarily accredited to Professor Apollon Andreevich
Karelin, provided the Russian intelligentsia with a solution to a number of
problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It provided leftists with an
alternative to a “dictatorship of the Bolshevik type” via decentralization and
the promotion of personal liberties</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, it provided a way to combat the
“spiritual retardedness,” of the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This was an era in which “vulgar scientism” reigned supreme, and
mysticism was a hard sell (Nalimov).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, Gnostic Christianity, an Abrahamic belief-system with an
increased focus on personal belief and spiritual awareness, was experiencing a
revival in the 1920s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “spirited
retardedness” of the Russian intelligentsia was responsible for an aggressive
intolerance, and many were not open to new and foreign ideas (Nalimov).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The people were divided, with leftists
finding themselves in sectarian camps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The fusion of mysticism and anarchism provided an opportunity to promote
greater unity among the left on a higher and intuitive level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey diverges from this tradition of
Mystical Anarchism in that his version of religion is far less formal and
organized, and is more focused on nature.</span><b><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Abbey’s anarchism is a
product of his spirituality, not the other way around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still, he finds himself in the same
tradition.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In order to earn a master’s degree in
philosophy, Abbey wrote his dissertation, entitled “Anarchism and the Morality
of Violence” (Bishop 79). </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Abbey viewed it as a necessary
counter to what he saw as the “systematic and legalistic” violence utilized by
the state (Bishop 105).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Violence was a topic of
great interest to Abbey, and this interest had great impact on his writing of </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">The Monkey Wrench Gang, </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">which
he published in 1975.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">The Monkey Wrench Gang</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> is an adventure novel
centered around four environmental fanatics dedicated to combating the destruction
of their beloved American Southwest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Armed
with pliers, wrenches, gasoline, and caltrops, the gang goes about committing
crimes ranging from the immolation of billboards to the destruction of
bridges.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The novel paved the way for
radical environmentalism, and four years after its publication, </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Earth First!</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, an environmental advocacy
group, was established. </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Earth First!</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">’s members were dedicated to liberating the environment by any
means necessary, unfurling a massive tarp over the Glen Canyon dam displaying a
crack in the cement in 1985, “cutting power lines ski tows,” slashing barbed
wire on cattle ranches, and destroying bulldozer crankcases with sand and Karo
syrup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After Abbey’s death, several of
its members were imprisoned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
influence that Abbey had was wielded deliberately.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He claimed of </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">The Monkey Wrench Gang</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, “I hoped it would stir
people into actions to do things I am too cowardly to do myself” (Bishop
14).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cowardice notwithstanding, Abbey
ultimately succeeded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Abbey’s endorsement of radical
environmentalism cements the fact Abbey’s passionate mysticism towards nature
is not merely </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">compatible</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> with anarchism, but that
it </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">necessitates
</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jack Mormon Seldom Seen Smith of the </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Monkey Wrench Gang</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">, whist kneeling atop the
Glen Canyon Dam, prays, “Dear old God, you know and I know what it was like
here, before them bastards from Washington moved in and ruined it all… How
about a little old </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">pre-</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">cision-type earthquake right under this dam?” (33) His prayer is
cut short by a park ranger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey, like
Smith, holds this sentiment very dear: nature is holy, and the state, due to
its ever-increasing fervor for expansion, never fails to destroy it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can be seen in the highways, the uranium
mining, the dams, every aspect of the industrial tourism and development that
Abbey so abhorred.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Some might say that this
abhorrence is directed at capitalism, as it is the automotive industry and big
corporations who are largely responsible for the development, that government
itself is deformed and crooked, but still salvageable, necessary even.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But as </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Desert Solitaire </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">was written during the Cold War, it was the U.S.
government and the Atomic Energy Commission that was subsidizing uranium
prospects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dam-builders, the U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation, are also responsible for the destruction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As for the National Parks, the National Park
Service yields to the automotive industry, which carries out its wishes through
the Department of Public Roads.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fact
is that </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">capitalism</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> is not the only culprit;
Abbey holds </span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">all</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> government
responsible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">All </span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">government fails to see
that growth and progress destroy what is most valuable.</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Abbey has called on us to
take a stand against the systems of control, which ravage our world, and which
cripple our spirituality, the very essence of our humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like the horses of Chuang Tzu, we have been
branded, our legs hobbled, locked up like slaves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When will we be liberated and live according
to our true nature, “showing our spirit by flinging up our heels as we gallop
over the plains”? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall we take
action?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall we dismantle their
apparatus, tear down their billboards, and blow up their bridges, dams, and
highways that mar the countryside?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall
we find ourselves in some enraged and unorganized fashion, as George Hayduke of
</span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">The Monkey
Wrench Gang</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">
suggests, “in twos and threes, fighting back”?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Shall we fight against our government who seeks to extend its control
across this land like a cancer?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall we
defend our mother earth who gave us everything against those greedy and
shortsighted enough to destroy her?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
shall take up that calling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because, as
Abbey expresses with his poem “What Zapata Said,”</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“The
land,</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">like
the sun,</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">like
the air we breathe,</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">belongs
to everyone—</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">and
to no one.”<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Earth Apples</span></i><span style="color: #666666; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> 67)</span><span style="color: #666666; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Works Cited</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Abbey, Edward. <i>Anarchism and the Morality
of Violence</i>. Diss. The U of New Mexico, 1959. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Abbey, Edward, and David Peterson. <i>Earth
Apples: Edward Abbey--collected Poems = Pommes De Terre</i>. New York: St.
Martin's Griffin, 1995. Print.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Abbey, Edward, and Jack Curtis. <i>Confessions
of a Barbarian</i>. Santa Barbara, Ca.: Capra, 1986. Print.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Abbey, Edward. <i>Desert Solitaire; a Season
in the Wilderness</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968. Print.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Abbey, Edward. <i>The Monkey Wrench Gang</i>.
Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975. Print.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Bishop, James. <i>Epitaph for a Desert
Anarchist: The Life and Legacy of Edward Abbey</i>. New York: Atheneum, 1994.
Print.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Cahalan, James M. <i>Edward Abbey: A Life</i>.
Tucson: U of Arizona, 2001. Print.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 50.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; text-indent: -50.0pt;">
<span style="border: none; color: black; font-family: Cambria;">Nalimov, V. V. "On the History of
Mystical Anarchism in Russia." (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
<http://www.transpersonalstudies.org/ImagesRepository/ijts/Downloads/Nalimov%20Mystical%20Anarchism.pdf>.</span><span style="border: none; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409645052835222551noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-72730580697495448612014-12-10T16:31:00.002-05:002014-12-10T16:31:28.746-05:00Final Paper<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jonathan Hranek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr. Adam Johns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">English Composition 0200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">6 December 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">On Hierarchical Structures in Oankali Society<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hierarchies are visible constantly in daily
life, whether within jobs, classes, or society. There are always factors that
lead to competition, and it is this competitive edge that drives human
capacities for learning and understanding evermore into the depths of the
unknown and unexplored. However, the Oankali within Octavia Butler’s “Lilith’s
Brood” disagree wholeheartedly with this rationale. Although incorrect and
unknowingly hypocritical, they argue that the very hierarchical structure that
defines everything that humans know is actually the greatest reason for the
downfall of their society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According
to the Oankali, the two fatal flaws of humans are intelligence and the hierarchies
that are so natural and present in the human environment. One alone, they say,
could be useful and possibly even successful, but the two genetic
characteristics combined are a terrible mixture. This all comes down to the
fact that both lead to further competition between peoples. Intelligence allows
a person to perceive when he or she is being cheated by belonging to a lesser
hierarchy, and therefore stimulates that person and gives he or she the desire
to climb the ladder of society and go as high as possible. Through
intelligence, people are given the ability to ignore the flaws in the
structural hierarchy. This could possibly be the most dangerous aspect of the
structure because it prevents individuals from seeing the seemingly equal
inequalities that are the results of a hierarchy, as will be seen in the
Oankali society. On the surface level, everything seems to be the same, but
through a deeper search it is found to be that differences lead to
categorization and eventually causes a hierarchy. Furthermore, by always
providing people with a dream of being more successful, those very same people
will then compete for better jobs, therefore impacting their friendships and
relationships with other people. These two characteristics only lead to more
strife between people and factions. In this way, it is almost like the Oankali
view humans to be the perfect species to kill themselves because the society is
always trying to one-up its competitors. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">By
constantly attempting to out-do one another, tensions can rise and lead to
conflict due to the downtrodden being kept stationary for too long. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fernando
Tesón describes how Rawl says that a group must meet certain criteria in order
to be considered a hierarchical society. “First, it must be peaceful, not
aggressive” (Tesón 19). The Oankali are not violent. They only use force in
times of defense, but they try to help the human race as a whole, although for
‘selfish’ reasons, such reasons, such as continuing their own evolution at the price
of the other race. This is seen further in Rawl’s second condition. A
hierarchical society is informed by a conception of the common good” (Tesón
19). The Oankali are extremely non-violent. They help the species they
encounter and enter into a mutual symbiotic relationship between the two races.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
views of the Oankali are presented through a message of warning conveyed in the
shape of simple observations. This cautioning information advises to tread
carefully where intelligence and hierarchies are mixed, as it can lead to the
destruction of human society and humanity as a whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this is simply not true. The Oankali
are extremely biased due to their inability to relate to humans. This is seen
when Jdahya says, “We’re not hierarchical, you see. We never were” (Butler 41).
His specie’s utter and blatant denial of that the Oankali have the basic
structure of a hierarchy originates from the fact that they’re extremely
intelligent, as seen in the fact that they can manipulate genes. While
explaining the Oankali logic behind what factors led to the destruction of the
human race, Jdahya unearths the true reason as to why his species cannot
comprehend that they have the basic structure of a hierarchy. By trying to prove
to Lilith the reasons, he inadvertently admits to the fact that they are
hypocritical, no matter how unknowing they are. This is depicted when he says
to Lilith, “Intelligence does enable you to deny facts you dislike. But your
denial doesn’t matter. A cancer in someone’s body will go on growing in spite
of denial” (Butler 39). In this way, the Oankali are doing exactly what they
say not to. They deny the fact that they have the basic structure of a
hierarchy, and this stems from their intelligence that allows them to overlook
the obvious. The Oankali believe it to be a downfall to humanity if
intelligence and hierarchies are intertwined, but they have their own similar
combination of the two. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Contrary to what the Oankali think,
intelligence and hierarchies are the foundation to every major change in human
history. There are certainly downsides to both aspects of the characteristics,
but without them, people would neither have the desire to progress, nor the
ability to do so. Intelligence gives people the chance to climb the social
ladder while the hierarchical structure makes them realize where they are and
gives them the drive to get to where they need to be. In its essence, this is
what the Oankali are opposed to, simply because they do not fully understand
the concept of a combination of intelligence and hierarchy since they cannot
recognize it within their own society. They believe that because a hierarchical
system was in place in the early evolutionary stages of the human race, along
with that of human ancestors that it is a basic form of primitiveness that has
lingered around, even within an advanced form of humanity. This is seen when Jdahya
also says:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">“[Humans] are hierarchical. That’s the older and more entrenched
characteristic. We saw it in your closest animal relatives and in your most
distant ones. It’s a terrestrial characteristic. When human intelligence served
it instead of guiding it, when human intelligence did not even acknowledge it
as a problem, but took pride in it or did not notice it at all … that was like
ignoring cancer. I think your people did not realize what a dangerous thing
they were doing” (Butler 39).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Oankali people persuade themselves that they are not like
the human race, but by showing pointing out what caused the destruction of the
human race, they point out their own hypocrisy and flaws because they
themselves intertwine intelligence and hierarchy. This is due to their inability
to prevent the transfer of specie’s downfalls when they genetically engineer
themselves by mixing their genes with those of a new race. They are analytical
enough to recognize what they believe to be the “Achilles Heel” of the human
race, but what they fail to comprehend is that by identifying the problems with
humanity, they are actually pointing out their own defects. These defects are
within their own society, and by distinguishing these flaws, they pinpoint
their inability to identify the problems within their unique culture, but are
quick to place the blame on humanity. This is seen through the Ooloi who seem
to lead the society, due to their ability to determine the species with which
to trade genetic information, and because of this, their skills begin to
provide a basis of a hierarchical dilemma that the Oankali are so unobservantly
deft about. The hierarchy starts with the Ooloi at the top, followed together
by the male and female Oankali. This is because both genders of the Oankali
“listen to the Ooloi” in order to “find out what [the] next generations will be
like” (Butler 41), as well as refuse to give certain information to the humans
until such a time that they deem necessary. This ascertainment and division of
power by the Oankali over the humans, as well as the fact that the Oankali
listen to and follow the directions of the Ooloi, sets up the perfect structure
for a hierarchical society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
perfect structure comes from the differences that separate the Ooloi from the
Oankali, and ultimately, the alien race from the humans, since they are now
apart of the Oankali society. This is seen when Peter Sands quotes Rebecca
Holden by saying “Oankali are attracted to difference and need to include it
within themselves” (Sands 2). On page 329 of “Lilith’s Brood”, this quote can
be further explained. On this page, Lilith’s son Akin recounts how she told him
that “Human beings fear difference … Oankali crave difference. Humans persecute
their different ones, yet they need it to give themselves definition and
status. Oankali seek difference and collect it. They need it to keep themselves
from stagnation and overspecialization” (Butler 329). These differences take
form in the constant drive to differentiate themselves with new species, as
well as the subtle yet important differences between the Ooloi and the Oankali.
There is no disputing that the Oankali do not believe themselves to be
hierarchical, but their collective differences that they search for only
provide stronger basis for a hierarchy within their society. Sands later talks
about Jenny Wolmark, who says that Butler’s “reworking of the opposition
between human and alien … recalls the narratives of slavery, and the power
relations inherent in those narratives remain … disturbing” (Sands 3). This
again only shows how the alien race has a hierarchy, and since the inclusion of
the humans within their society, it has become a three-tiered hierarchy. Further
evidence of these differences are presented through the fact that there is a
lack of similar language and mutual understanding between the two species. This
puts the humans at a disadvantage because it shows how they are at the bottom
of the hierarchical chain, since they know nothing about the society of the
Oankali. Therefore, they are put at the lowest standings of the civilization. This
hierarchy is also depicted simply through the fact that the Oankali could be
considered to be the human’s teachers, and in society, students are thought to
be lesser than teachers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Oankali are undoubtedly intelligent, but
this intelligence causes them to overlook the fact that there is a hierarchy
within their society, which gives them a mentality that is seemingly jaded.
Therefore, the Oankali race unknowingly incorporates hierarchical structures
into their culture when they trade with humans. They think that they have
escaped humanity’s downfall because they do not live in a hierarchical society,
but this is simply not true. As they say, intelligence and hierarchy separately
could be advantageous, but they create a destructive force when combined
together. This is seen when Jdahya says, “The Ooloi are intensely interested in
[cancer]. It suggests abilities we have never been able to trade for
successfully before … the Ooloi see great potential in it” (Butler 40). This
shows their intelligence and ability to manipulate genes. Part of the Oankali’s
problem about the unnoticed hierarchy is that although they perceive themselves
to be the same and equal, there are defining the key differences between the
Oankali and the Ooloi. For example, the Ooloi have an organelle that allows
them to “perceive DNA and manipulate it precisely”, which sets them apart from
the Oankali. Differences such as these only highlight the already ingratiated
hierarchy within their culture. The Oankali race believes that each section of
its current society (including humans) has a specific job, but it is this
specificity that sheds light on their harsh judgments about humanity, and
ultimately, their ignored hypocrisy. “The Oankali fall rigidly into these
roles” (Johns 383), and it is this separation that divides the race into a
hierarchy. Although they may purposefully “not seek or acquire status”, the Oankali
cannot help but to be “hierarchical in their structure” (Johns 382). However,
what they do seek to acquire is new life. To “seek it, investigate it,
manipulate it, sort it, use it” (Butler 41). This is due to their ingrained
drive to further promote the advancement of their race, which forces them to be
inadvertently biased in their judgments, as well as rash in their analysis
about the humans with which they are trading genetic information. By seeking
“new life from which it can absorb new genetic material”, the Oankali race can
“continually change its own nature” (Sands 5). This being said, the Oankali
will also inherit the human’s inherent nature of hierarchies, therefore
strengthening the hierarchical systems already in place, however rudimentary and
basic they appear to be. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
the Oankali believe that the two genetic characteristics of hierarchy and
intelligence are fatal when put together, they are simply incorrect. Without
these two features of humanity driving each other, progress could never have
been made. Conflict may arise, but the overall benefits of a competitive
environment are necessary to further that growth and development, and therefore
outweigh the potential dangers. This is something the Oankali do not
understand. Since they are incapable of recognizing it within their own
society, let alone the society and culture of another race. Through their
internal drive to genetically trade their DNA, to the definitive lines in the
hierarchical structure that is clearly present in their society, the Oankali
inadvertently allow their intelligence to avert their eyes from seeing the real
situation. By mixing genes with other races, there is no foolproof way to avoid
the flaws of that species. Simply put, more than the just the beneficial aspects
of that race will be inherited. These include some flaws that might not be
positive. In this way the limitations and possibilities of a hierarchical
structure in society, combined with intelligence, are not accepted, but
ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Citations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Butler, Octavia E. <i>Lilith's
Brood</i>. New York: Aspect/Warner, 2000. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Johns, J. Adam. "Becoming Medusa:
Octavia Butler's "Lilith's Brood" and Sociobiology." <i>Science
Fiction Studies</i> 37.3 (2010): 382-400. <i>JSTOR</i>. Web. 13 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/25746440>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tesón, Fernando. “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Some
Observations on John Rawl's 'The Law of Peoples’”, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International
Law).<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Vol.</span> 88 (1994): 18-22. <i>JSTOR</i>.
Web. 6 Dec. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25658788>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sands, Peter. "Octavia Butler's Chiastic
Cannibalistics." <i>Utopian Studies</i> 14.1 (2003): 1-14. <i>JSTOR</i>.
Web. 3 Dec. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20718543>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07773778354613315716noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-47178011551500737872014-12-10T15:49:00.001-05:002014-12-10T15:49:41.506-05:00Final Project
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Samantha Call</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Final Project</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">12-10-2014</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Seminar in Composition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ensuring
Success in Science<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">When
we look at the last one hundred years in terms of scientific discovery, we are
often amazed out how far humans have come in so short a time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is it really so impressive though?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the grander scope of the universe, how
much do we actually know?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Next to
nothing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As humans, we see ourselves as
limitless beings who can go on to discover everything there is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, even if our intelligence would allow
for unlimited growth and discovery, our intelligence has made that impossible
through its development of a hierarchical structure that defines how we
function in nearly every aspect of society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No longer is a hierarchy contained to the government or to
businesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every aspect of life is now
an industry with a ladder of climbing ranks that everyone is always looking to
ascend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While a hierarchy is effective
in some places, in others it can become a major hindrance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One such place is in the realm of scientific
research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">While
it is true that people are always looking for more answers about ourselves and
the universe we live in, it is also true that how and what we study is greatly
limited by the structure in which scientists must operate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The current structure of science as an
“industry” is hindering advancements in technology and knowledge that could
improve the quality of life and longevity of individuals and of society as a
whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Humans as individuals and as a
race need to redefine the qualifications and motives behind scientific research
in order to survive and thrive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We should
do so by reevaluating the current structure of the scientific industry and reforming
it so that it is not based solely on wealth and connections to powerful people
within the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To even begin looking for funding from organization,
scientists must first build up their reputations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Doing so requires connections with
individuals higher up than them in the scientific hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are the hospital administrators,
college and university professors and researchers, and other scientists who
have already established themselves through their own research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To get in with these people, you need to find
exactly the right internships while you are still in college, know how to
infiltrate their social and professional groups, and use every form of flattery
you can to please or impress them. Once you find people in the field, you have
the ability to publish articles and work with those people on their
projects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only after you have your name
connected to someone higher up in the hierarchy will any company even consider
reviewing any grant applications of yours.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is highlighted in the article “Breaking the Ice and Forging Links:
The Importance of Socializing in Research.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the article, the authors state that “a solid network becomes a
crucial element for future collaborations and taking the next steps in one’s
careers” and that it is necessary for students to socialize with more
experienced scientists or the path to their own research will be slower and
less successful (Stobbe, Mishra, and Macintyre).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without the stepping stones that other
scientists lay out for you, there is little hope to finding your own way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Socializing, therefore, is as much a part of
science as the actual research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Another
issue is that the grant application process is extremely long and
complicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to scientist
Peter A. Lawrence, every grant has to make it past two groups of people, the
marketers or accountants of the company, and the scientific review board.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both are conditioned to not accept the
majority of applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marketers and accountants
only want to give money to projects they know will succeed, while the
scientists are more concerned with their own reputations, which they do not
want to risk by passing through acceptances for projects that may not be
successful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even projects that are
deemed acceptable by both groups often are not awarded grants because,
according to Richard Mann, a professor in the Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biophysics at Columbia University, “there just aren’t enough funds in
a single…grant to pay for a PI salary, plus supplies, plus the salaries of one
or two other people.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately, you
may have a life changing idea and a solid grant application, but if the project
is too large, risky, or it doesn’t play into the agenda of the company, you
will never get funded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The lack of sufficient funding and the difficulty in
obtaining the funding is the fault of the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone is protecting their own interests,
so they are never willing to risk their position to back research that is
unusual or completely untested.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
untested research, however, could be the key to unlocking new technology or
insights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, a scientist may
believe they have found a new and improved cancer treating drug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, that scientist will have a hard time
finding a company to fund them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those
companies who would be interested in funding cancer drugs, are most likely
already doing so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With a stake in
already proven drugs, those companies do not want to risk their profits by
endorsing another drug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally,
the research would be expensive, and if the study concludes that the new drug
is ineffective, the company is out of the money they spent on funding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For prospective researchers,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span lang="EN">“original ideas are the kiss of death for
a [grant] proposal; because they have not yet been proved to work (after all,
that is what you are proposing to do) they can be, and will be, rated poorly”
(Katz).</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">These risks make it
difficult for new drugs to be tested, and even if they are tested, there is no
guarantee there will be sufficient funding to distribute them to the public for
use.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
same drug that doesn’t get tested or distributed, though, could be the same
drug that safely treats cancer and ensures longer lives in patients.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is the case with a drug developed in the United
Kingdom by the pharmaceutical company Janssen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The drug, named abiraterone, has been proven to aid those who are dying
of prostate cancer, “extending their lives by an extra four months on top of
the three months from chemo” (Scowcroft).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Abiraterone is effective at extending the lives of men with prostate
cancer, but it faces the problem of a lack of funding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An organization named NICE has warned the
National Health System in the United Kingdom not to pay for the use of
abiraterone because it is not cost efficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to NICE, “the drug is simply too expensive for the benefit it
brings” (Scowcroft).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words,
there is no way for the government nor Janssen to profit off of the drug, so
they have taken it off of the list of options for men dying of prostate
cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of the extra few months
a patient can have with their loved ones, they get no help, which is to the
benefit of those who don’t want to risk their position in the hierarchy by
approving a drug that yields little profit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>New drugs are not the only things being shortcut by the
system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Technology that could be helpful
in diagnosing and treating patients is also left without funding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One such piece of technology is associated
with the science of teledermatopathology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This branch of science deals with using slides with pictures of the body
on them for diagnostic purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The new
technology would be able to send the slides across the world so that places
with less highly trained doctors can serve patients with the help of doctors
from other areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the
technology has been found effective, there are laws in place that require each
institution in possession of a machine to use their own money to test it to
make sure it is efficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is
little to no funding for such testing, which means that many patients will go
undiagnosed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lack of funding costs
people their lives, and that comes at the benefit of those who are working
their way up the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nobody wants
to risk losing their job over a risky grant or an expensive test, so they play
it safe and only grant money to scientists whose ideas are noncontroversial and
are likely to work or to those who are above themselves in the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Small scientists with great ideas are boxed
out of the arena and their ideas are forgotten or stashed away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R.C. Lewontin
condemns this system in his work, “Biology as Ideology.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Lewontin, humans are
self-concerned beings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The structure of
the scientific hierarchy plays right into this, rewarding those who are seeking
to move up the hierarchy and ignoring those only looking to make scientific discoveries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a preoccupation with status quo that
causes companies to filter the studies they back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewontin demonstrates this by using the
example of studies regarding the DNA of people of different races.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both white and black children in Britain had
their genes looked at and compared to their IQ scores.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the study revealed no underlying
biological difference between the children of different races, those behind the
study revealed something about themselves through their choice to pursue this
type of research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of looking
into research that could positively change the future, they were looking for
research that would maintain the status quo, so that they could say there was a
reason that a minority was rightfully below them in the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Lewontin writes, “it is meant to
legitimize the structures of inequality in our society by putting a biological
gloss on them” (Lewontin, 37).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Individuals and companies will only support research that benefits them
and improves their position in the hierarchy, which is another reason the
hierarchy is so destructive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Individuals who benefit from the hierarchical system of
the scientific industry obviously find ways to attempt to validate its
existence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One way they do so is by
asserting that the system serves as a filter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It keeps the unqualified and unreliable scientist out and keeps the
successful and reliable ones in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without
it, they claim, anyone would be able to begin their own study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This could lead to the wasting of money that
could be used for other, more effective studies, or to the reduction of funding
from companies or individuals who are turned off by bad projects in the past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Funding for research could diminish completely
in this case and useless studies would be undertaken, taking up valuable
resources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is, indeed, a need for
a filter in the scientific world, but this filter should not hinder the advance
of legitimate research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the hierarchy
can be considered a filter, then it is doing its job so well that hardly
anything can get through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The small,
insignificant grains of research can get through, but the large chunks of gold
that hold the real value are left behind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">An
example of this is a recent study on a gene variant in Latina women that
indicates a forty percent decrease in the likelihood of getting breast
cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the study of this gene
is so limited that scientists have gotten nothing from their research thus
far.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are not taking any risks or
trying anything new.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The scientists
believe that simply finding a small link between the gene and breast cancer
constitutes an entire study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The issue
is that they still know next to nothing about the gene and what triggers it and
what causes it to reduce the risk of breast cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewontin would argue that </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the geneticists involved in this study are failing to
make the distinction “between correlation and identity,” making the mistake of
assuming that “it is the correlation that indicates the role of genes”
(Lewontin, 34).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The study has uncovered
such a small piece of the puzzle that it is insignificant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It does nothing to get us closer to a cure or
treatment for breast cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Development
in genetics can often cause people to get excited about the possibilities of eliminating
issues such as breast cancer, but it is important to stay grounded and realize
the limitations of some genetic studies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The variant genes may appear to be the answer, but they could only be a
partial answer or possibly not even that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The connections between the variant gene and a reduced risk of breast
cancer may be the basis for more studies, but it is important to note that they
do not provide us all of the answers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Due to the limitations of the scientific hierarchy, these are the only
kinds of studies that are constantly being supported.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larger, riskier studies are pushed aside,
even though they</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">are the ones that could
actually find a cure or treatment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
issue with bias in scientific research funding is hindering advancements that
could benefit our society as a whole, but there are ways to combat that
bias.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much of the problem is that
private companies are being relied on more and more to fund research as the
government struggles to rebound after the global economic recession that hit in
2008.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The government’s largest tool for
funding research is the National Institutes of Health, which gives $31 billion
to scientists based on “a system of competitive, peer-reviewed grants”
(Gollaher).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This organization was
responsible for funding the biotechnology industry through its granting of
funds to researchers studying DNA in the 1970s, “which spawned the
U.S.-dominant biotechnology industry” (Gollaher).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, any advantages this organization
once had are being destroyed by a recent government sequestration that aims to
reduce the amount of money given to scientists for research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the NIH, the government reduction
in funds can lead to over 700 less grants being given each year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that due to the recession, the
government has decided to take away funding from the very institution that
helped fuel the biotechnology industry that fostered the United States’
economic growth since the 1970s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
decrease in funding for the NIH, therefore, slows economic growth and inhibits
scientific discoveries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NIH, unlike
the private research funding companies, does not have to worry as much about
how profitable new discoveries will be because they are given their money by
the government and do not profit directly from the success of the research they
fund.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For this reason, the government
should focus on finding ways to maintain the place of the NIH and other similar
institutions in the national budget.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By
resourcing their money from tax breaks and subsidies for companies that may or
may not foster economic and scientific growth, there will be more money going
toward a tried and proven system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Reform
should not fall solely into the hands of the government, though, because
private funders, such as universities, will continue to be a presence through
the power of their money.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The major
issue is the grant process that they use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In an article entitled “The Grant Application Process,” Wanda K.
Johnston outlines the unnecessary extension of the development of a grant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From its birth, a grant is tainted because
the scientist must only come up with “a project idea that is compatible with
the college’s mission and strategic plan” (Johnston, 70).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other than needing to ignore projects they
may be interested in, scientists must undergo the writing of a lengthy,
overly-detailed twelve page application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That application must include information on the researchers “experience,
history, accomplishments, and expertise,” along with the issue being addressed,
the exact methodology, plan for success, and use of funds (Johnston, 72-73).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The need for the inclusion of prior successes
and the desire for a guaranteed success keep many scientists out of the running
simply because they are young or are interested in something not previously
tested.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">To
change this, the grant application must be reworked so that who you know and
your age are not factors in the decision of whether or not to fund you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One possibility is eliminating those sections
that would bias the grant readers against the author, such as lack of prior
experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once that filter is
eliminated, there should be quotas put in place by universities that encourages
new forms of research, as advocated by Ted Cox of Princeton University.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He argues that a shorter application could
not only help a reviewer “remember what they’ve read,” but also help those who “can
do original and interesting work” stand out (Ted Cox).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maria Leptin, a professor at the University
of Cologne in Germany, similarly advocates reforms for the grant process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She supports the switch to making sure that
applications “are judged purely on scientific merit by scientists, no political
strings, no fake collaborations, no age limits.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By focusing on the idea rather than the
scientist, we can ensure that actual progress is made and new innovations are
developed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although it is important that
a university be able to profit somehow from safe research, it is also necessary
for a certain proportion of their money to go to studies that can help society
as a whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If universities and companies
set specific minimums for spending on riskier studies, we could be leaps and
bounds past where we are now in terms of scientific exploration and discovery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This would eliminate the fear of reviewers
and others in the hierarchy that allowing risky studies to occur would harm
their careers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By taking away that fear,
decisions will be fairer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">While
it goes beyond the scope of normal everyday conversation to speak to others
about the problems with the scientific hierarchy that are plaguing the advancement
of humankind, it is important that we bring attention to these issues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As an individual, you may not be directly
impacted by every study that becomes funded due to a change in the way the
system works, but over time, these studies can lead to knowledge that will change
the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whether it is new medicine,
new technology, or new methods, science changes lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The way research is being conducted now,
though, keeps us at a standstill developmentally, which is an issue for a
species that depends on adaptability for survival.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pressure to change the workings of the hierarchy,
such as eliminating incentives to reject risky grant proposals, will be instrumental
in ensuring the progression of the human race.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Works Cited</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Danielle Giambrone, Babar K. Rao, Amin
Esfahani, Shaan Rao, Obstacles hindering the mainstream practice of
teledermatopathology, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume
71, Issue 4, October 2014, Pages 772-780, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0563c1;">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962214014005</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gollaher, D. (2013, October 16). Funding
problems stifling our scientific future. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from <span style="color: #0563c1;">http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/oct/16/funding-problems-stifling-our-scientific-future/?#article-copy</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Johnston, Wanda K. (1995) The Grant
Application Process, Community & Junior College Libraries, 8:1, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">69-73, DOI: 10.1300/J107v08n01_09</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Katz, J. (n.d.). Don't Become a Scientist!
Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://physics.wustl.edu/katz/scientist.html</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lawrence, P. (2009, September 15).
Grantsmanship and the Application Process. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from <span style="color: #0563c1;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2735719/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Lewontin, R.
(1992). <i>Biology as ideology</i>. New York, NY: HarperPerennial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">O'Connor, A.
(2014). Genetic Variant May Shield Latinas From Breast Cancer. <i>The New York
Times</i>. [online] Available at:
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/genetic-variant-may-shield-latinas-from-breast-cancer/?_php=true&_type=blogs&module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A12%22%7D&_r=0
[Accessed 21 Oct. 2014].</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Scowcroft, H. (2014, August 15). Prostate
drug decision highlights urgent need for reform. Retrieved December 8, 2014,
from <span style="color: #0563c1;">http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/08/15/prostate-drug-decision-highlights-urgent-need-for-reform/</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Stobbe, M., Mishra, T., & Macintyre,
G. (2013, November 21). Breaking the Ice and Forging Links: The Importance of
Socializing in Research. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003355</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Undsci.berkeley.edu,
(2014). <i>Who pays for science?</i>. [online] Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/who_pays
[Accessed 19 Nov. 2014].</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08768066508965163433noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-90347965147250007712014-12-06T12:05:00.002-05:002014-12-06T12:06:08.817-05:00final rough draft<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<u style="text-underline: #535353;"><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Outline</span></u><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.3pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Introduction Thesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.3pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Introduction to
Anthropology:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.3pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 47.0pt 1.0in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Omohundro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Hall<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3.3pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">How does Abbey construct
himself as an Anthropologist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Separation from Humanity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Spiritually<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Physically<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Observations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">▪<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Include field notes from
Dopefiends to compare to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">What is his goal? How does
it compare to real Anthropologists<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Disgust but observations
target real issues<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Compare to Dopefiends goal
for better treatment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Blame shift: disgust with
pete masks levitates responsibility of system (Doctors, cops, changing
demographic of san fran) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Counter: Abbeys ending<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Why is he going back to
humanity? Why wouldn't he stay in the desert?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">talk about Anthropologist
who have become to involved with their work. Is this the same thing that is
happening to Abbey?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">◦<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Dopefiends 12 yrs in the
field<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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1. Edward Abbey’s novel “Desert
Solitude” may just seem like a well put together polished journal that catalogues
his time spent in Arches national park, but it is important to acknowledge
Abbey wrote this book to serve a greater purpose. In the introduction to this
novel Abbey reminds readers that although much of it is based on the time he
spent in arches the desert of arches is a “medium” not the subject of the book.
Abbey’s goal in desert of solitude is to take a step back and observe humanity
and culture in relation to nature. To make himself seem credible Abbey composes
himself to have desirable characteristics of a successful anthropologist. His
novel is composed of both fictional and true events works to highlight the
qualities that make him an anthropologist and omit the qualities that don’t.
The final product when compared to an actual book of anthropology work in
similar ways with culture to achieve a final conclusion. I will be putting in
parallel “Desert Solitude” and a book I read for my pop-cluture class
“Righteous Dopefiends. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
2.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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3.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Abbey constructs himself as an
anthropologist both through spiritual separation and physical separation of
himself from humanity. In the beginning of his book he says <span style="background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua;">“</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
He also doesn’t talk about his
family at all during his book even though he was a father. It seems like a
large part of your life to exclude. The Abbey we know is totally disconnected
from any past in humanity. This distance is admired in anthropologist.
Anthropologists have to find the perfect balance of being close enough to
observe the culture yet distant enough that you don’t disturb it or become to
involved in it. These will hurt the credibility of the study because you could
affect the culture or the culture could affect your objectivity. In “Righteous
Dopefiends” the anthropologists described the struggle to stay both objective
and the balance of involvement needed to properly observe the community. They
say “At first, we felt overwhelmed, irritated, and even betrayed by the
frequent and often manipulative requests for favors, spare change, and loans of
money. We worried about distorting our relationships by becoming patrons and
buying friendship to obtain our research data. At the same time, we had to
participate in a moral economy to avoid being ostracized by the network…We had
to learn, therefore, not to take their petty financial manipulations
personally, and refrain from judging them morally. Otherwise, we could not have
entered their lives respectfully and empathetically” (Bourgois and Schonberg
6). They talk about the relationship between them and the community. On one
hand they had to make sure they didn’t disrupt or muddle their relationship as
observer and observed, yet on the other they needed to partake in order to stay
in the community and not be “ostracized”. The balance allows them to be
objective and more open to the community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua;">Abbey does some of the
same things when describing the Cowboys and Indians. Abbey works as a rancher
with the cowboy. He observes them and their lives yet he leaves little impact.
He is able to observe the changes in them. Abbey states they are </span><span style="background: aqua; color: #535353; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-highlight: aqua;">“dying off or transforming them selves by tortuous degrees
into something quite different. The originals are nearly gone and will soon be
lost forever in the overwhelming crowd” (Abby 111). He explains that cowboys
have given in to the new “mechanized and automated”(109) food market. Although
he is very opinionated on the subject it is clear he does not express this
opinion to the actual cowboys when he fantasizes what became of them.</span><span style="color: #535353; font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #535353; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Edward
Abbey continues to separate himself even more from culture and humanity through
his spirituality. A good chunk of the book focuses on Abbey’s mysticism. He
tends to mock the more traditional ideas of religion in his book in favor of
something more <span style="background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua;">natural.</span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Abbeys spiritual beliefs show a
reluctance to identify with humanity. Although he admits he can not perfectly
separate himself from humanity and become part of the desert it is not for lack
of trying.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
5. The ending of “Desert Solitude”
comes as a bit of a surprise. In the last chapter Abbey admits he is leaving
the desert and returning for <span style="background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua;">New
York.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Why would Abbey include this ending when he simply could
have left it out or written a new one? After all his work to construct his
credibility why would he ruin with this end? The ending destroys the boundary
that is necessary between an anthropologist and their work. Edward Abbey might
not be the perfect anthropologist, but his ending is not uncommon in the field
of anthropology. Often the most passionate anthropologist get too involved in
the culture they are studying. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
hey I know this is a little messy but the highlighted parts are where I haven't put a quote in yet (I highlighted most of the ones I wanted to use, but haven't typed them up) or am thinking of changing the quote.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02877184562318505407noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-17397647841785163862014-12-06T00:22:00.001-05:002014-12-06T00:22:15.968-05:00Final Proposal Rough Draft<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jonathan Hranek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Adam Johns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">English
Composition 0200<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">19 November 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Argument –</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I am going to argue that hierarchies are
a natural part of any civilization in order to function correctly. Simply
having different jobs for the various sections of a culture provides the most
basic structure to set up a hierarchy. Due to the Oankali’s intelligence, they
overlook the fact that they have a basic hierarchical structure, which they
argue to be the cause of the downfall of the human race. This shows their
hypocrisy, although unrealized, when it comes to their evaluations on the
differences between humanity’s characteristics and those of the Oankali race. This
being said, mating with an already “flawed” human race might exacerbate this
entire situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Possible Counterargument -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the Oankali do not have a hierarchical
structure for various reasons. I hope dissuade and/or close that argument
through this essay. There are multiple other arguments that could come up from
my point of view because what I am arguing is not typical for this book. I am
going against the grain, one could say, since it says in the book that the
Oankali are supposedly not hierarchically structured, but I am arguing for the
opposite. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
plan on keeping most of my second revision because it fits nicely with my theme
that I am arguing for right now. However, deciding what to cut will be more
difficult. I foresee myself changing the sentences I had already had to fit my thesis
instead of completely deleting them. I intend to add in some criticism (if
possible) about hierarchies and their effects on societies. Maybe even
arguments about what they are derived from and how they help to make a
functioning group of peoples. I may even include some background information on
the author to see if her viewpoints or beliefs have any affect on what the
Oankali think about humanity (like if she is speaking her thoughts through the
Oankali).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why we should care –</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> we should care because hierarchies are
the sole basis upon which humans can somewhat judge how they are doing, where
they want to go, and how they are planning to get to that point of the social
ladder. The Oankali contribute humanity’s destruction as the fault of its
combination of intelligence and hierarchical structure within society. Obviously,
the Oankali race is extremely intelligent, but their jaded opinions of their
own society prevents them from seeing that they have the basics of a hierarchy within
their structure already, and this will only be heightened when they mate with
humans (I still need to find support for the “heightened” part of this sentence,
but it seems to make sense given what I have already read/discovered about the
book – if I can prove it well enough, I’ll include it. If not, I won’t). By
mating with other species, the Oankali not only inherit the advantages of the
races they procreate with, but the disadvantages as well (I may try to include something
about how this shows how predetermination is incomplete – off of Brooke’s ideas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Essay -<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hierarchies are visible constantly in daily
life, whether within jobs, classes, or society. There are always factors that
lead to competition, and it is this competitive edge that drives human
capacities for learning and understanding evermore into the depths of the
unknown and unexplored. However, the Oankali within Octavia Butler’s “Lilith’s
Brood” disagree wholeheartedly with this rationale. Although incorrect and
hypocritical, they argue that the very hierarchical structure that defines
everything that humans know is actually the greatest reason for the downfall of
their society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>According
to the Oankali, the two fatal flaws of humans are intelligence and the
hierarchies that are so natural and present in the environment. One alone, they
say, could be useful and possibly even successful, but the two genetic
characteristics combined are a terrible mixture. This all comes down to the
fact that both lead to further competition between peoples. Intelligence allows
a person to perceive when he or she is being cheated by belonging to a lesser
hierarchy, and therefore stimulates that person and gives he or she the desire
to climb the ladder of society and go as high as possible. Through
intelligence, people are given the ability to ignore the flaws in the
structural hierarchy. This could possibly be the most dangerous aspect of the
structure because it prevents individuals from seeing the seemingly equal inequalities
that are the results of a hierarchy, as will be seen in the Oankali society. On
the surface level, everything seems to be the same, but through a deeper search
it is found to be that differences lead to categorization and eventually causes
a hierarchy. Furthermore, by always providing people with a dream of being more
successful, those very same people will then compete for better jobs, therefore
impacting their friendships and relationships with other people. These two
characteristics only lead to more strife between people and factions. In this
way, it is almost like the Oankali view humans to be the perfect species to
kill themselves because the society is always trying to one-up its competitors.
By constantly attempting to out-do one another, tensions can rise and lead to
conflict due to the downtrodden being kept stationary for too long. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
views of the Oankali are presented through a message of warning conveyed in the
shape of simple observations. This cautioning information advises to tread
carefully where intelligence and hierarchies are mixed, as it can lead to the
destruction of human society and humanity as a whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, this is simply not true. The Oankali
are extremely biased due to their inability to relate to humans. They believe
it to be a downfall to humanity if intelligence and hierarchies are
intertwined. Contrary to what they think, intelligence and hierarchies are the
foundation to every major change in human history. There are certainly
downsides to both aspects of the characteristics, but without them, people
would neither have the desire to progress, nor the ability to do so.
Intelligence gives people the chance to climb the social ladder while the
hierarchical structure makes them realize where they are and gives them the
drive to get to where they need to be. In its essence, this is what the Oankali
are opposed to, simply because they do not fully understand the concept of a
combination of intelligence and hierarchy since they cannot recognize it within
their own society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Oankali are hypocritical because they themselves intertwine intelligence and
hierarchy. This is due to their inability to prevent the transfer of specie’s
downfalls when they genetically engineer themselves by mixing their genes with
those of a new race. They are analytical enough to recognize what they believe
to be the “Achilles Heel” of the human race, but what they fail to comprehend
is that by identifying the problems with humanity, they are actually pointing
out their own defects. These defects are within their own society, and by distinguishing
these flaws, they pinpoint their inability to identify the problems within
their unique culture, but are quick to place the blame on humanity. This is
seen through the Ooloi who seem to lead the society, and because of this, their
ability to determine the species with which to trade genetic information begins
a hierarchical dilemma that the Oankali are so unobservantly deft about. The
hierarchy starts with the Ooloi at the top, followed together by the male and
female Oankali. This is because both genders of the Oankali refuse to give
certain information to the humans until such a time that they deem necessary.
This ascertaining and division of power by the Oankali over the humans, as well
as the fact that the Oankali listen to and follow the directions of the Ooloi,
sets up the perfect structure for a hierarchical society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Oankali are undoubtedly intelligent, but
this intelligence causes them to overlook the fact that there is a hierarchy
within their society, which gives them a mentality that is seemingly jaded. Therefore,
the Oankali race unknowingly incorporates hierarchical structures into their
culture when they trade with humans. They think that they have escaped
humanity’s downfall because they do not live in a hierarchical society, but
this is simply not true. As they say, intelligence and hierarchy separately
could be advantageous, but they create a destructive force when combined
together. This is seen when Jdahya says, “The Ooloi are intensely interested in
[cancer]. It suggests abilities we have never been able to trade for
successfully before … the Ooloi see great potential in it” (Butler 40). Part of
the Oankali’s problem about the unnoticed hierarchy is that although they perceive
themselves to be the same and equal, there are defining the key differences between
the Oankali and the Ooloi. For example, the Ooloi have an organelle that allows
them to “perceive DNA and manipulate it precisely”, which sets them apart from
the Oankali. Differences such as these only highlight the already ingratiated hierarchy
within their culture. The Oankali race believes that each section of its current
society (including humans) has a specific job, but it is this specificity that sheds
light on their harsh judgments about humanity, and ultimately, their ignored hypocrisy.
“The Oankali fall rigidly into these roles” (Johns 383), and it is this
separation that divides the race into a hierarchy. Although they may purposefully
“not seek or acquire status”, the Oankali cannot help but to be “hierarchical
in their structure” (Johns 382). This is due to their ingrained drive to further
promote the advancement of their race, which forces them to be inadvertently
biased in their judgments, as well as rash in their analysis about the humans
with which they are trading genetic information. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although
the Oankali believe that the two genetic characteristics of hierarchy and
intelligence are fatal when put together, they are simply incorrect. Without
these two features of humanity driving each other, progress could never have
been made. Conflict may arise, but the overall benefits of a competitive
environment are necessary to further that growth and development, and therefore
outweigh the potential dangers. This is something the Oankali do not
understand. Since they are incapable of recognizing it within their own
society, let alone the society and culture of another race. Through their
internal drive to genetically trade their DNA, to the definitive lines in the
hierarchical structure that is clearly present in their society, the Oankali inadvertently
allow their intelligence to avert their eyes from seeing the real situation. By
mixing genes with other races, there is no foolproof way to avoid the flaws of
that species. Simply put, more than the just the beneficial aspects of that race
will be inherited as well, including some flaws that might not be positive. In
this way, the limitations of a hierarchy and intelligence are not accepted, but
ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">**It is important to note that I am still
gathering/searching for sources to help my argument. I did not deem them suitably
analyzed enough to include in the final draft yet, so I left them out. All my ideas about what I would use them towards are within this final rough draft, but need to go further into detail. It is
far from finished, but my ideas are more clearly formed on where I want/need to
go. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bibliography – <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Butler, Octavia E. <i>Lilith's Brood</i>. New York:
Aspect/Warner, 2000. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">I am going to use this source for the main
reasons as to why the Oankali have a hierarchical structure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Johns,
J. Adam. "Becoming Medusa: Octavia Butler's "Lilith's Brood" and
Sociobiology." <i>Science Fiction Studies</i> 37.3 (2010): 382-400. <i>JSTOR</i>.
Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25746440>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">I will use this source to further support my
thesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sands, Peter.
"Octavia Butler's Chiastic Cannibalistics." <i>Utopian Studies</i>
14.1 (2003): 1-14. <i>JSTOR</i>. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20718543>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman";">More to come ... </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07773778354613315716noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-79057729632274118022014-12-05T20:39:00.001-05:002014-12-05T20:39:26.378-05:00final essay rough draft
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Brooke Kihle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Professor Johns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Seminar in Composition <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">12/5/14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Genetic
Determinism is Incomplete<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Imagine specific characteristics that make you who you
are, singularly determined by your genome. Your openness to new things, tendency
to murder, or hair color are all created from specific genes woven together
into your DNA. An individual’s DNA encodes our genome, which essentially is the
instructions to how we develop and function- who we are- through a combination
of genes and non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. This theory is classified as
genetic determinism; the ideology that “who we are” is predetermined by our
genome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, through modern research
on genetically inherited diseases like BRCA1 (predisposition to breast cancer)
and PKU (phenylketonuria) we can prove inaccuracies in modern science. Also, by
understanding the limitations with current modern science like The Human Genome
Project we can further understand how incomplete genetic determinism is. Lewontin’s
theories in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology as an Ideology</i> supports
genetic determinism to be incomplete. There are environmental factors that also
contribute to a human’s phenotype and genotype variation that complicates
specific genetic inheritance. In, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s
Brood</i>, Butler shows the Oankali’s inaccuracies of the current human
generation and through their misunderstandings tries to prove to the reader the
inaccuracies of modern science. The Oankali’s misunderstandings on genetics are
metaphorically shown by Akin and Jodahs, constructs from Oankali-human hybrid
breeding, and their external and internal struggle. Butler uses the Oankali, representing
the faults of modern science, shown by ideals of Lewontin and scientific
research which offer a more complete solution for science institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>First, it’s important to understand the science behind
the theory of genetic determinism. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology
as an Ideology</i>, Lewontin explains the foundation of this theory stating,
“organisms are nothing but the battle ground between the outside forces and the
inside forces. Organisms are the passive consequences of external and internal
activities beyond their control” (Lewontin109). This meaning genetic
determinist believe our genetically inherited DNA solely creates our phenotype.
This view states that we are separate from the outside world, the environment, and
that we only interact but are not influenced by such environmental factors.
Therefore, as individuals we are created by the “inside” forces-genotypes and
explicitly separated from the “outside” forces that is our environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>However, there’s an argument to this theory that starts
the conflict between “nature” and “nurture”. Genetic determinist are cleverly
deemed the “nature” side of this conflict because of their belief that we are
made up by our “nature”, our genome. Consequently, the “nurture” view supports environment
significance in creating individuals. Lewontin’s theories explain that “nature”
and “nurture” combined create our phenotype. This supports the incompleteness
of genetic determinism because both our genome and environmental factors
contribute to create our overall phenotype and human characteristics. Picture
it this way, when someone goes on trial, they present a case, explaining the
situation and then a jury votes on their punishment. Let’s say a man killed his
father (dramatic I know but I promise I’m trying to prove a point) and the
lawyer presents his case, stating this man had a family history of bipolar
disorder and his dad abused him as a child; which factors would influence the
jury’s decision on his sentence? Both the man’s possible inheritance of bipolar
disorder, traumatic childhood and emotional instability with his father all contribute
into motives for reasons he killed his father. Now, of course this doesn’t make
what he did right, I’m simply stating you can’t ignore one factor from another
they both contribute to who this man is and why he killed his father. This can
be brought back to explaining our phenotype, showing that as individuals we are
made of both these genomic and environmental influences. Lewontin summarizes
this theory stating, “History far transcends any narrow limitations that are
claimed for either the power of genes or the power of the environment to
circumscribe us. Like the House of Lords that destroyed its own power to limit
the political development of Britain in the successive Reform Acts to which
assented, so the genes, in making possible the development of human
consciousness, have surrendered their power both to determine the individual
and its environment” (Lewontin 123). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lewontin symbolically supports his own theory. Lewontin
has bipolar disorder which was likely worsened through his abusive father. This
being sad it can be assumed his father also was mentally ill. This combination
of his possible genetically inherited mental illness and abusive childhood
caused Lewontin to severely suffer from bipolar disorder. Both factors- his
childhood and mental health contribute to Lewontin’s current state. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Other scientists support Lewontin’s theory through scientific
research. “An individual’s phenotype is often as much a product of the
environment as it is a product of the genotype” (Freeman, Quillan, &
Allison 273). One example of environmental influence is seen through research
on the genetically inherited disease phenylketonuria (PKU) which causes
individuals to enzymatically convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. This results in
an accumulation of phenylpyruvic acid which causes mental retardation. However,
an individual who inherits this disease isn’t predetermined to have mental
retardation; newborns can be tested for the disease and if identified early and
placed on a low phenylalanine diet can develop normally. Thus individuals
treated with PKU but develop into healthy adults prove that those with certain
genetic disease are neither predetermined to their disease’s symptoms nor
singularly controlled by their genes. Also, research on the BRCA1, a
genetically inherited predisposition to breast cancer, proves this theory to be
true. Anyone with the defected gene increases their chance of getting breast
cancer by 60-90%. However, having BRCA1 does not guarantee you will have breast
cancer. There are possible solutions to curing an individual with breast cancer
or avoiding the possibility of getting breast cancer altogether. For example,
surgical procedures like a mastectomy- surgically removing the entire breast
tissue can eradicate the possibility of getting the cancer as well as literally
“cutting out” the cancer of those infected. Both these genetically inherited
diseases represent how incomplete genetic determinism is. The individuals are
controlled by both their genotype as well as environmental factors which ultimately
contributed to their phenotype.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With any scientific theory there’s opposition, in this
case genetic determinist which correlates directly to the Oankali’s belief that
they can genetically predetermine a hybrid human-Oankali offspring. The Oankali
may be an alien species but their thought process isn’t too far from earth,
many contemporary scientist follow the theory of genetic determinism with
projects like the Human Genome Project (HGP). “HGP researchers have deciphered
the human genome in three major ways: determining the order, or
"sequence," of all the bases in our genome's DNA; making maps that
show the locations of genes for major sections of all our chromosomes; and
producing what are called linkage maps, complex versions of the type originated
in early <i>Drosophila</i>research, through which inherited traits (such
as those for genetic disease) can be tracked over generations.” (National Human
Genome Research Institution). The theory behind the HGP is to create a “blueprint”
of the human genome with a goal to eventually use this “blueprint” and compare it
to any individual’s genome. The HGP takes linkage mapping to determine if
individual’s DNA has certain diseases or not. This meaning, they locate mutations
on certain chromosomes for certain diseases and if the individual’s DNA has the
same mutation in the same location than they have this disease. This essentially
would determine every human’s genomic make-up and one could find out what
disease they will inevitably acquire if not already have and other mutations
and predispositions. However, this has not yet been accomplished. The HGP still
has a long way before being deemed completely scientifically accurate and
precise. There are many misconceptions that go with the current state of the HGP
as well. An article in the New York Times, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My
Genome, My Self, </i>by Steven Pinker<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>best
describes these limitations, “Our genes are a big part of what we are. But even
knowing the totality of genetic predictors, there will be many things about
ourselves that no genome scan — and for that matter, no demographic checklist —
will ever reveal”. (citation?) Pinker was asked to participate in the project
and got his genome sequenced (or as much of it as they could). Essentially the
sequencing gave Pinker percentages of “who he was” like a higher chance of baldness
therefore he should be bald and a low risk of prostate cancer therefore he won’t
get prostate cancer in his lifetime. It is incorrect to state that the HGP is predetermining
an individual’s personal and physical state because it simply can’t. Currently
modern medicine and technology is nowhere near advance enough to accurately
state that the HGP’s linkage mapping is correct. Even if it were, they can only
give a percentage, a likely hood of the outcome of these findings. “For some
conditions, like Huntington’s disease, genetic determinism is simply correct:
everyone with the defective gene who lives long enough will develop the
condition. But for most other traits, any influence of the genes will be
probabilistic. Having a version of a gene may change the odds, making you more
or less likely to have a trait, all things being equal, but as we shall see,
the actual outcome depends on a tangle of other circumstances as well”
(citation?). This same theory can be seen through the Oankali. The Oankali are
described as having their own “blueprint” to predetermine and genetically
modify a hybrid offspring population. However, this “blueprint” itself cannot
possibly predetermine the outcome of the hybrid offspring. Overall this hybrid-human-Oankali
population will have variations that cannot be known. Based off of scientific
research like that of BRCA1 and PKU diseases we understand that such blueprints
are inaccurate because they lack significant environmental factors that do contribute
to a human’s genome. The Oankali’s in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s
Brood</i> represent modern scientists and their misconceptions of genetic
determinism. Such projects like the HGP and Oankali’s “trading” to create a hybrid
offspring population are limited because they do not account for other factors
like the environment that are just as important as genetics when creating a human.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Oankali’s
inaccuracies are subtly shown throughout <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s
Brood</i>. “We used to treat animals that way, we did things to them
inoculations, surgery, and isolation- all for their own good. It scares me to
have people doing things to me that I don’t understand” (Butler 33). The
Oankali do not account for psychological factors that greatly effect Lilith
during her entrapment. “You shouldn’t have isolated any of us unless your
purpose was to drive us insane. You almost succeeded with me more than once.
Humans need one another” (Butler 19). They do not understand emotional and
psychological aspects of humanity which limits their accuracy in reproducing with
our genes. The Oankali’s ignorance is a metaphor for modern scientist’s own
ignorance with genetics. The HGP has great consequences if modern scientist
truly do believe in genetic determinism. The general knowledge of an
individuals’ genome can be used against them, for example if someone is shown
to have a gene of Huntington’s disease and this information is given out as
public knowledge it will put the individual at a disadvantage, limiting their
chances of getting good health care or a stable job because who wants to invest
on someone who eventually won’t be able to control their own body (it’s a cruel
world)? However, Butler does the very opposite of what the Oankali and genetic
determinist eventually do to themselves; instead of loss of hope she instills
it by using Akin and Jodahs to show the opportunity for better science. The
Oankali are a metaphor for modern genetic determinist, where the Oankali fail
to account for environmental factors so do modern scientist. Akin and Jodahs
are symbolic of better scientific methods that can be used in the future.
Butler instills hope in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s
Brood</i>, first through Lilith’s hope for human survival and improvement, then
by Akin’s acknowledgement of human change and tolerance and finally all put
together by Jodahs’ adaptability and eventual compromise with both species to
form a truly hybrid generation. It’s important to understand that a true hybrid
generation would not be possible without Lilith, Akin and Jodahs. Also, the
Oankali were unprepared for the outcomes of Akin and Jodahs metamorphosis-
their physical change into adulthood. Akin is a human-Oankali hybrid male who
looks similar to human species which inevitably causes his capture from a group
of human resisters- those who refuse to reproduce “trade” with the Oankali. After
being released from confinement he continues to go back and visit the human
resisters and forms emotional bonds with. After Akin’s metamorphosis all his
physical similarity with the human species disappears but instead of turning
against Akin they show their ability to tolerate difference and change which
leads Akin to advocate for the human’s to have their own independent lives on
mars. The Oankali had no way of understanding let alone predetermining the
psychological factors Akin went through as a construct. The transformation for
Akin was literally both external and internal and without both factors
contributed to Akin’s ability to advocate for the human-only Mars population as
well as save the hybrid-Oankali species. Another misconception of Oankali was
shown through Jodahs the first human-Ooloi construct. Jodahs was seen as very
dangerous and unpredictable. The Oankali were even “surprised” to find that
Jodahs could shape shift. This “unknown” scared the Oankali population and
Jodahs with Lilith and the rest of their family was isolated in the deep parts
of the woods, where Jodahs became increasingly depressed, physically losing its
“sense of self” turning into a sluggish body creature. However, Jodahs physical
shape-shifting eventually provided useful when he seduced and saved an inbred,
fertile human community. This was the missing link to the Oankali-human
connection- many humans accepted the difference and joined the –Oankali-human
families while the fertile humans joined Akin’s human-only population on Mars. The
Oankali had many limitations when creating the hybrid offspring. A major factor
that they never contributed was Akin’s and Jodahs’ psychological trauma of belonging
to both species that were so unequal. Another factor, was Jodahs’ physical shape-shifting
that was a completely knew physical trait for an Ooloi. Where the Oankali fail
thus the genetic determinists fail- they cannot possibly precisely and scientifically
contribute all the factors that make up the hybrid offspring. However, Butler
uses the Oankali’s failure as inspiration for scientific prosper. Butler
instills hope seen through Lilith’s own hope and the other humans who have
survived that there is chance of improvement. Lilith is symbolic of hope
whereas Akin of change, and Jodahs of proven solution. Lilith represents the
incompleteness- hope for the Oankali to fail (which they did, some humans
remained fertile) and humanity to grow. Akin represents their limiations- the humans
could adapt to difference and accept where the Oankali deemed them incapable. Lastly,
Jodahs is the better method, the compromise the fact that genetic determinism
is incomplete and thus there are better solutions possible. Lewontin supports all
of them because Lewontin supports the misconception of genetic determinism. “Perhaps
they could find an answer to what the Oankali had done to them. And perhaps the
Oankali were not perfect. A few fertile people might slip through and find one
another. Perhaps <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learn and run! </i>If
she were lost, others did not have to be. Humanity did not have to be” (Butler
248). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In conclusion, there are many beliefs as to what
determines a human. The questions of what makes up our phenotype- our sense of
style, problem solving skills and skin tone is constantly debated over science
history. Many modern scientist like those creating the HGP believe in genetic
determinism- that our genome is solely predetermined by our genetic
inheritance. However, there is sound research like that of BRCA1 and PKU
inherited diseases that prove this cannot be true. Environmental factors have
such a significant role in what creates a human’s phenotype a simple conclusion
has to be made- genetic determinism is incomplete. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lilith’s Brood </i>Butler uses the Oankali’s inaccuracies and
misconceptions to portray the limitations of contemporary scientists. Lilith
through her own hope instills to the reader hope for improvement. Akin, shows
the ability for change and combined Jodahs shows there are solutions for better
science methods. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04157623268547926676noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-71960767001328556392014-12-05T18:27:00.003-05:002014-12-05T18:27:49.515-05:00final project draftRuthie Cohen<br />
Professor Johns<br />
Seminar in Composition<br />
15 October 2014<br />
<br />
The Human Genome Project: A Worthwhile Endeavor?<br />
<br />
Throughout the first few chapters of Lewontin’s Biology as Ideology, he is a harsh critic of modern science, arguing that specifically the Human Genome Project offers false hope for those affected by cancer and similar research is corrupt with poor intentions. While Lewontin’s criticism of modern science—discernable from that of an “anti-science” advocate—is valid, it offers a bleak, pessimistic, and impractical approach to a constantly progressing society. If scientific possibilities are not explored for fear of disappointment, how can society expect to ascertain any solutions to the world’s pressing problems? After all, success is not possible without necessary mistakes; society has nothing to live for without the promise of a brighter future.<br />
Lewontin notes, “and I sometimes suspect that the claimed significance of the genome sequencing project for human health is an elaborate cover story for an interest in the hermeneutics of biological scripture.” Accusing scientists and doctors alike of using endless funding in order to simply appease curiosity despite whether a cure is actually attainable, Lewontin suggests that the Human Genome Project is not directly benefitting those it is supposed to serve. By definition, science is “systematic knowledge of the psychical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.” Without intellectual curiosity in cyclical form of testing hypotheses, scientists’ goals would certainly be impossible. Lewontin’s suspicion of scientists’ integrity mounts as he considers other reasons motivating research like the Human Genome Project.<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Given the dangerously uncertain outcomes of projects like the Human Genome Project, Lewontin asks the pressing question, “Why, then, do so many powerful, famous, successful, and extremely intelligent scientists want to sequence the human genome?” (Lewontin 51). The answer, Lewontin believes, is in the promises of this work. Although not quite there yet, scientists are seeing through to the end of the tunnel—“Nobel prizes…honorary degrees…important professorships…huge laboratory facilities” (Lewontin 51). Additionally, at the conclusion of “Causes and Their Effects,” Lewontin claims, “what appears to us in the mystical guise of pure science and objective knowledge about nature turns out, underneath, to be political, economic, and social ideology.” (Lewontin 57). Lewontin’s argument suggests that such scientists are nothing but false, self-made martyrs seeking out the possible gains of a cure to cancer only to further their own careers. However, evil in the form of corruption and ill intentions exists in all aspects of life; an attempt to avoid such evil demonstrates ignorance and naivety. Indeed, selfishness and greed are unfortunately common and innate human tendencies. History, while sometimes propelled by the frightening evils of society, is often guided in the right direction by genuine, passionate individuals fighting for a worthy cause. Isn’t a bright future worth the risk of failure?<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Furthermore, a cynical Lewontin does not hesitate to point out that after the hype of trials involved with the Human Genome Project have died down, “The public will discover that despite the inflated claims of molecular biologists, people are still dying of cancer, of heart disease, of stroke, that institutions are still filled with schizophrenics and manic-depressives, that the war against drugs has not been won.” (Lewontin 52). Here, by using slight exaggeration, Lewontin argues that the public, although not directly affected by said diseases, will share the disappointment of those affected and possibly lose faith in the system. In countering Lewontin’s point, it is essential to acknowledge the significant good that has come out of research, therefore making the risk of disappointment and public upheaval worthwhile. Lewontin refers to the “lobbying effort by scientists such as…James Watson,” questioning Watson’s confidence.<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>James D. Watson’s article The Human Genome Project: Past, Present and Future provides the optimistic yet realistic future outcomes of genetic research. As is needed to justify the amount of money, time, and effort put into the Human Genome Project, an exploration of past breakthroughs offers hope for future ambitions. The founding of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, a seemingly “undreamable scientific objective,” gave scientists the ability to isolate bacterial genes, allowing for later discoveries in the late twentieth century. Although this research has only involved the sequencing of several bacteria, and much more time would be put into sequencing the human genome, results will “not only help us understand how we function as healthy human beings, but will also explain, at the chemical level, the role of genetic factors in a multitude of diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia, that diminish the individual lives of so many millions of people.” Often mental illnesses such as schizophrenia become heavy burdens on society, the prevalence of which increases crime rate, expenses for institutions, and homelessness. While costly, research of the human genome is beneficial not only for inflicted patients, but for society as a whole.<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Similar to Lewontin, Watson acknowledges the setbacks of a project such as the Human Genome Project. These are issues not ignored by Watson, but rather taken into account by himself and other competent scientists measuring the pros as they outnumber the cons. Watson discusses an NRC (National Resource Council) meeting in which the launching of the Human Genome Project was debated. Those opposed expressed “fear that the project would be divorced from the main currents of biological research.” Additionally, there were “strong reservations about any project in which the ultimate control of resources lay in the hands of administrators, as opposed to control by the scientific community itself.” This concern is reminiscent of Lewontin’s argument that certain information may not be used with the best interests of those the project benefits in mind. This is yet another example of Lewontin too heavily criticizing the evils inherent in many systems and institutions. Corruption should not take away an opportunity to cure cancer and many other genetic disorders, certainly<br />
Another important aspect of implementing such research is the ethical dilemma it poses. The groundbreaking knowledge of genetics coming out of the Human Genome Project could cause havoc, if released to the public. If differences in genetics are found among, say, different races, ethnicities, sexual orientations, etc. it could be the basis of genetic discrimination. If taken advantage of, such information could be detrimental to society. On the other hand, if scientists who have the capability and the means to possibly cure cancer do not follow through, is this an even worse ethic violation? While Lewontin expresses concern about the intentions of the Human Genome Project, I believe it is a risk worth taking. Imagine if we decide to discontinue research of the human genome and then centuries later, a cure is eventually found. So many lives could have been saved. Although I disagree with Lewontin’s criticism of the Human Genome Project, his definition of biology as an ideology is spot on—science is constantly entangled with the ethic standards of society.<br />
Lewontin points out the flaws in modern scientific research, specifically the Human Genome Project, coming to the conclusion that the goal of a cure is out of reach and the time, effort, and money spent as a result is a waste of resources. The problems that we face when it comes to modern science, such as corruption and greed, are innate elements of human nature. Morally and logically, I believe, contrary to Lewontin’s views, that the continuation of the Human Genome Project is worthwhile.<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
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Ruthie Cohenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07268166271671667413noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-38075660948856106732014-12-05T18:21:00.001-05:002014-12-05T18:21:19.779-05:00Final Project Rough Draft
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Samantha Call<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Final Project Rough Draft<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">12-5-2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Seminar in Composition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">When
we look at the last one hundred years in terms of scientific discovery, we are
often amazed out how far humans have come in so short a time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is it really so impressive though?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the grander scope of the universe, how
much do we actually know?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Next to
nothing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As humans, we see ourselves as
limitless beings who can go on to discover everything there is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, even if our intelligence would allow
for unlimited growth and discovery, our intelligence has made that impossible
through its development of a hierarchical structure that defines how we
function in nearly every aspect of society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No longer is a hierarchy contained to the government or to
businesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every aspect of life is now
an industry with a ladder of climbing ranks that everyone is always looking to
ascend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While a hierarchy is effective
in some places, in others it can become a major hindrance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One such place is in the realm of scientific
research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While it is true that people
are always looking for more answers about ourselves and the universe we live
in, it is also true that how and what we study is greatly limited by the
structure in which scientists must operate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The current structure of science as an “industry” is hindering
advancements in technology and knowledge that could improve the quality of life
and longevity of individuals and of society as a whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Humans as individuals and as a race need to
redefine the qualifications and motives behind scientific research in order to
survive and thrive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We should do so by reevaluating
the current structure of the scientific industry and reforming it so that it is
not based solely on wealth and connections to powerful people within the
system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To even begin looking for funding from organization,
scientists must first build up their reputations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Doing so requires connections with
individuals higher up than them in the scientific hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are the hospital administrators,
college and university professors and researchers, and other scientists who
have already established themselves through their own research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To get in with these people, you need to find
exactly the right internships while you are still in college, know how to
infiltrate their social and professional groups, and use every form of flattery
you can to please or impress them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
other words, be the epitome of a people pleaser.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once you find people in the field, you have
the ability to publish articles and work with those people on their
projects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only after you have your name
connected to someone higher up in the hierarchy will any company even consider
reviewing any grant applications of yours.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The grant application process is extremely long and complicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to scientist Peter A. Lawrence,
every grant has to make it past two groups of people, the marketers or
accountants of the company, and the scientific review board.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both are conditioned to not accept the
majority of applications.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marketers and accountants
only want to give money to projects they know will succeed, while the
scientists are more concerned with their own reputations, which they do not
want to risk by passing through acceptances for projects that may not be
successful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even projects that are
deemed acceptable by both groups often are not awarded grants because,
according to Richard Mann, a professor in the Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biophysics at Columbia University, “there just aren’t enough funds in
a single…grant to pay for a PI salary, plus supplies, plus the salaries of one
or two other people.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ultimately, you
may have a life changing idea and a solid grant application, but if the project
is too large, risky, or it doesn’t play into the agenda of the company, you
will never get funded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The lack of sufficient funding and the difficulty in
obtaining the funding is the fault of the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone is protecting their own interests,
so they are never willing to risk their position to back research that is
unusual or completely untested.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That
untested research, however, could be the key to unlocking new technology or
insights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, a scientist may
believe they have found a new and improved cancer treating drug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, that scientist will have a hard time
finding a company to fund them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those
companies who would be interested in funding cancer drugs, are most likely
already doing so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With a stake in
already proven drugs, those companies do not want to risk their profits by
endorsing another drug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally,
the research would be expensive, and if the study concludes that the new drug
is ineffective, the company is out of the money they spent on funding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These risks make it difficult for new drugs
to be tested.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same drug that doesn’t
get tested, though, could be the same drug that safely cures cancer and ensures
longer lives in patients.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>New drugs are not the only things being shortcut by the
system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Technology that could be helpful
in diagnosing and treating patients is also left without funding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One such piece of technology is associated
with the science of teledermatopathology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This branch of science deals with using slides with pictures of the body
on them for diagnostic purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The new
technology would be able to send the slides across the world so that places
with less highly trained doctors can serve patients with the help of doctors
from other areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the
technology has been found effective, there are laws in place that require each
institution in possession of a machine to use their own money to test it to
make sure it is efficient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is
little to no funding for such testing, which means that many patients will go
undiagnosed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lack of funding costs
people their lives, and that comes at the benefit of those who are working
their way up the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nobody wants
to risk losing their job over a risky grant or an expensive test, so they play
it safe and only grant money to scientists whose ideas are noncontroversial and
are likely to work or to those who are above themselves in the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Small scientists with great ideas are boxed
out of the arena and their ideas are forgotten or stashed away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R.C. Lewontin
condemns this system in his work, “Biology as Ideology.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Lewontin, humans are
self-concerned beings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The structure of
the scientific hierarchy plays right into this, rewarding those who are seeking
to move up the hierarchy and ignoring those only looking to make scientific discoveries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a preoccupation with status quo that
causes companies to filter the studies they back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewontin demonstrates this by using the
example of studies regarding the DNA of people of different races.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both white and black children in Britain had
their genes looked at and compared to their IQ scores.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the study revealed no underlying
biological difference between the children of different races, those behind the
study revealed something about themselves through their choice to pursue this
type of research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of looking
into research that could positively change the future, they were looking for
research that would maintain the status quo, so that they could say there was a
reason that a minority was rightfully below them in the hierarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Lewontin writes, “it is meant to
legitimize the structures of inequality in our society by putting a biological
gloss on them” (Lewontin, 37).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Individuals and companies will only support research that benefits them
and improves their position in the hierarchy, which is another reason the
hierarchy is so destructive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Individuals who benefit from the hierarchical system of
the scientific industry obviously find ways to attempt to validate its
existence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One way they do so is by
asserting that the system serves as a filter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It keeps the unqualified and unreliable scientist out and keeps the
successful and reliable ones in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without
it, they claim, anyone would be able to begin their own study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This could lead to the wasting of money that
could be used for other, more effective studies, or to the reduction of funding
from companies or individuals who are turned off by bad projects in the past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Funding for research could diminish completely
in this case and useless studies would be undertaken, taking up valuable
resources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is, indeed, a need for
a filter in the scientific world, but this filter should not hinder the advance
of legitimate research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the hierarchy
can be considered a filter, then it is doing its job so well that hardly
anything can get through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The small,
insignificant grains of research can get through, but the large chunks of gold
that hold the real value are left behind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">An
example of this is a recent study on a gene variant in Latina women that
indicates a forty percent decrease in the likelihood of getting breast
cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the study of this gene
is so limited that scientists have gotten nothing from their research thus
far.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are not taking any risks or
trying anything new.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The scientists
believe that simply finding a small link between the gene and breast cancer
constitutes an entire study.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The issue
is that they still know next to nothing about the gene and what triggers it and
what causes it to reduce the risk of breast cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewontin would argue that </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">the geneticists involved in this study are failing to
make the distinction “between correlation and identity,” making the mistake of
assuming that “it is the correlation that indicates the role of genes”
(Lewontin, 34).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The study has uncovered
such a small piece of the puzzle that it is insignificant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It does nothing to get us closer to a cure or
treatment for breast cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Development
in genetics can often cause people to get excited about the possibilities of eliminating
issues such as breast cancer, but it is important to stay grounded and realize
the limitations of some genetic studies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The variant genes may appear to be the answer, but they could only be a
partial answer or possibly not even that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The connections between the variant gene and a reduced risk of breast
cancer may be the basis for more studies, but it is important to note that they
do not provide us all of the answers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Due to the limitations of the scientific hierarchy, these are the only
kinds of studies that are constantly being supported.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larger, riskier studies are pushed aside,
even though they</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">are the ones that could
actually find a cure or treatment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Works Cited</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Danielle Giambrone, Babar K. Rao, Amin
Esfahani, Shaan Rao, Obstacles hindering the mainstream practice of
teledermatopathology, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume
71, Issue 4, October 2014, Pages 772-780, ISSN 0190-9622,
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.043">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.043</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962214014005)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lawrence, P. (2009, September 15).
Grantsmanship and the Application Process. Retrieved December 1, 2014, from <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2735719/"><span style="color: #0563c1;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2735719/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Lewontin, R.
(1992). <i>Biology as ideology</i>. New York, NY: HarperPerennial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">O'Connor, A.
(2014). Genetic Variant May Shield Latinas From Breast Cancer. <i>The New York
Times</i>. [online] Available at:
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/genetic-variant-may-shield-latinas-from-breast-cancer/?_php=true&_type=blogs&module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A12%22%7D&_r=0
[Accessed 21 Oct. 2014].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Undsci.berkeley.edu,
(2014). <i>Who pays for science?</i>. [online] Available at: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/who_pays
[Accessed 19 Nov. 2014].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08768066508965163433noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-86063788860404574342014-12-05T18:07:00.002-05:002014-12-05T18:07:17.947-05:00The Importance of Defying Social Norms<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Meaghan Duffy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
12/10/14<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Final Project<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
Professor Adam Johns<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Importance of Defying Social Norms<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
When in history did individuality
become more frowned upon than celebrated?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When did society begin putting those who are so obviously different from
the common man so close to the bottom of the social pyramid?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who was given the power to judge the
importance of another human being?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Obvious individuality is a rarity and brilliance that should be
celebrated and desired, keeping this basic world fresh and consistently
advancing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yellow Woman
and a Beauty of the Spirit</i>, Leslie Marmon Silko discusses the way of the
Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico, the way they value the individual as an important
part of society and how they judge the person on behavior rather than external
beauty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silko says, “Younger people,
people my parents’ age, seemed to look at the world in a more modern way. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The modern way includes racism (Silko,
10).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such a dramatic swap in values can
most relevantly be attributed back to the early 20<sup>th</sup> century post
World War I to the era infamously known as The Roaring Twenties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Before
World War I the country remained culturally and psychologically rooted in the
nineteenth century, but in the 1920s America seemed to break its wistful
attachments to the recent past and usher in a more modern era (Zeitz).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After a wartime recession caused by severe
hyperinflation around the world, the economy boomed in the decade following
WWI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Progressive Era accompanied by
advances in technology, growth in big business and a thrive in the banking
system created an economic boom leaving Americans with much disposable income
to spend on luxuries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this time
the credit card was invented allowing people to spend money they didn’t have on
everything they wanted but didn’t need.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
1920’s will forever be defined as, “…flappers and dance halls, movie palaces
and radio empires, and Prohibition and speakeasies (Zeitz).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this time dresses became shorter,
brighter and lighter. New fabrics were experimented with and “designer brands”
became a desire and indicator or worth and wealth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The risk takers of society were born during
this time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Flappers prized style over substance,
novelty over tradition, and pleasure over virtue (Ferentinos).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They cut their hair, sporting the bob and
shortened their dresses above the knee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They flirtatiously danced with men and participated in illegal drug
use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These women were rebels against
their expectation to settle down and stay hidden housewives, and they used
fashion and trend to get the message across.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since this time, how a woman or man presents him or herself externally
sends a strong message about wealth, worth, values and morals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The Pueblo
people, “looked at the world very differently; a person’s appearance and
possessions did not matter nearly as much as a person’s behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For them, a person’s value lies in how the
person interacts with other people, how that person behaves toward the animals
and the earth (Silko, 10).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to
them, all things, all people, all animals were created equal by a single
creator; all things were related and considered siblings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was no proper and improper, favored or
disfavored because everything in this universe was created for an intended
balance that was necessary to create harmony and peaceful flow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silko, as a young child, was taught by her
grandmother to be proud of her confidence and strength because such qualities
made her beautiful and valuable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“To the
Pueblo way of thinking, the act of comparing one living being with another was
silly, because each being or thing is unique and therefore incomparability
valuable because it is the only one of its kind (Silko, 11).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among their culture, there was no social
ladder that could be influenced by choice of clothing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Pueblo people valued those physical
differences that would be pitied in our culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we would ostracize, they would
celebrate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Persons born with
exceptional physical or sexual differences were highly respected and honored
because their physical differences gave them special positions as mediators
between this world and the spirit world (Silko, 12).”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silko tells a story about the hunchbacked
medicine man who was seen as a universal healer and of much importance in their
culture; he was not labeled as disabled and less capable as he would have been
in modern American culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Further
Directions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">-Further
research on The Roaring Twenties and the era of fashion and brand names to add
into my writing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">-May add in
a paragraph about the way beginning of racism starting with the non-english
European immigrants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">-A long
paragraph on Lewontin and the removal of physical beauty and gender roles and
how it has affected social norms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">-Paragraph
on counterargument intertwined with personal opinion and my argument against
counter argument <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">(Clearly
this paper is far from complete.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I must
still do more investigation to properly introduce and attack a counterargument. I still must edit and add several paragraphs/pages. This is simply what I
had done and organized as of the due date.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Work Cited:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ferentinos, Susan. "Flapper." <i>The
Ultimate History Project</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Zeitz,
Joshua. "The Roaring Twenties." <i>The Gilder Lehrman Institute of
American History</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Silko, Leslie
Marmon. "Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native
American Life Today." <i>The Antioch Review</i> 54.3 (1996): 364. Web.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00264185234784450737noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-56460012704690811422014-12-05T17:41:00.001-05:002014-12-05T17:41:02.974-05:00Final Project Rough Draft<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Emma
Sullivan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr.
Adam Johns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seminar
in Composition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
December 2014 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Final Project Rough Draft <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regardless of where you stand on the
spectrum of meat consumption, let’s go back to a time thousands of years ago in
which there was no fast food, grocery stores, or agriculture for that matter.
The rudiments of civilization were just beginning to emerge, and we were
hunter-gatherers, self-sufficient; crafting our own spears, hunting our own
game, and gathering our own food. There was a certain level of ambiguity as to
where our next meal would come from and when it would be, for a migration could
arise if an area became unusable as a food source, or perhaps an enemy was
readily approaching. Essentially, we <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">needed</i>
the meat we hunted in order to sustain ourselves until the next meal, or
through the next migration-- our primitive lifestyles literally required us to
“bulk up”. Peculiarly enough, these early humans were not fat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Back in present day, I daresay that
none of us are widdling our spears to go out and hunt a deer in Schenley Park
for dinner. Let’s also consider that fact that in order to hunt said deer like
a true hunter-gatherer, we would be getting more exercise than most Americans
get in a week. So why do we keep eating (meat especially) like ancient nomads
who don’t know where their next meal is coming from? Today, we kill animals as
if Chick-fil-A is closing down for good and they want to give everyone in the
world one last six-piece chicken nugget box, not to mention severely harming the
environment in the process. Ideally, I would like to kindly ask everyone in the
world to become a vegetarian and have them listen. Alas, this is impossible,
and how things are, are most certainly not how they ought to be. So, rather
than proposing severely radical ways the world <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ought </i>to change in ways that are sadly unachievable, I believe it
would be more valuable to look at how things <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">are</i>, and ways that individuals can and have changed, and why it is
so hard for some to stop saying “I could <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">never
</i>become a vegetarian”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To start off, I’d like to address
some of the reasons I’ve most often heard of people are weary of a plant-based
lifestyle, these reasons being; the “I love meat too much!” and the “I need the
nutrition!” contentions. To the “I love meat too much” argument: in the
following pages, I hope to shed a new light on the prospect of vegetarianism
and perhaps some reasonable alternatives to the full-fledged lifestyle. If all
of the world’s meat products were to suddenly vanish overnight, inevitably you
would have to make do. Psychologically, it may seem difficult, yet conceptually
it’s so simple. To say “I could never become a vegetarian” is like saying that
you couldn’t survive without coffee, or chocolate—when in reality you just
don’t want to imagine a life without it, and the idea of whether you should
absolutely have to is one that will be explored.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">To the “I need the nutrition argument”: I
ask that you keep in mind that there is a right and wrong way to go about any
lifestyle change. Suppose someone is to begin a vigorous exercise routine for 2
hours a day, but does not supplement this with the proper nutrition and caloric
intake— they’ll inevitably find themselves feeling tired and malnourished. Under
the same principles, if a chemical engineering student only sleeps 3 hours a
night, a decline in their academic performance is inevitable. I recently came
across an argument made by Lierre Keith, author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability </i>pertaining
how veganism was an epic harm to her health—thus ensuing her work on why <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not </i>to follow a plant-based diet. Of her
nearly twenty years as a vegan Keith comments, “A vegetarian diet—especially a
low-fat version, and most especially a vegan one—is not sufficient nutrition
for long-term maintenance and repair of the human body. To put it bluntly, it
will damage you. I know,” and it did damage Keith in several ways, leaving her
with a degenerative joint disease that unfortunately will stay with her for the
rest of her life (Keith 9). But, of this cautionary tale I have a few questions
and comments pertaining to Keith’s lifestyle choices as a vegan. The first is
whether she made an effort to know and obtain the necessary nutrition her body
needed, nutrition she would no longer be receiving from meat or dairy. Perhaps
she was already nutrient deficient before beginning her vegan diet. There also exists
the possibility that it may have been in her best interest to seek out the help
of a nutritionist, naturopath, or other experienced professional within the
first <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">weeks </i>she began experiencing
hypoglycemia, the cease of her menstruation cycle, and exhaustion rather than
waiting years (Keith 10). Each person’s body and lifestyle is different and
therefore has unique needs to function properly. Knowing these needs and how to
satisfy them is key to any dietary transition, and ultimately the understanding
I want anyone in question of a plant-based lifestyle to understand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now, to move from why people are weary of
not eating meat to why people should be weary of eating meat, it’s essential to
look at why individuals go vegetarian and just how things are in the food world
today. People often ask if my choice in going vegetarian was for health or
moral reasons—which are two of the biggest factors in many people’s choices to
stop eating meat. For that reason, I would like to focus on the facts behind
these two reasons, and also the relationship between the two seeing as they can
be intimately intertwined. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The moral reasons why people go
vegetarian are rather straightforward. Generally, most don’t like the idea of
animals being killed for food, or the idea of eating something that was once a
living animal. Within this realm there are copious unique mindsets and further
reasoning behind the moral dilemma of eating a body that was once a thriving
cow (or perhaps not-so-thriving, considering today’s agricultural standards). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Questions:
The argument I am trying to stick to so far is in the last sentence of the
second paragraph. I may go back and modify it slightly as the paper progresses
but I think it’s a good outline that I can support well given the length of the
paper. Ultimately, the goal here is to get the reader thinking about and
considering some form of vegetarianism or severely reduced meat consumption,
and this concept will be made blatantly clear. From where I stopped writing, I
plan on getting some concrete statistics, facts, and perhaps anecdotes to talk
about agriculture, the more “gross” parts of eating meat, and also how it’s
impacting the environment. Next, I will most likely go on to incorporate the
documentaries I’ve been talking about to provide solid real world examples of
people changing their diets and lifestyles. I think these films will be a good
bridge between talking about the solid facts and switching to what the reader
can do. For the piece of the paper dedicated to personal changes, I plan to
present a few different ways people go about reducing meat consumption, and
want to incorporate a TED talk on being “vegetarian on the week days”.
Throughout the paper I am going to be going back to the two counterarguments I
laid out in the beginning of why people are generally closed to the idea of
vegetarianism. What do you think about the general direction I’m heading in? So
far, I do not plan on blatantly including any texts from class, but I may
consider working some Lewontin in, especially if you think the paper needs it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-16374410181786354472014-12-05T16:45:00.001-05:002014-12-05T16:45:18.545-05:00Final Project Draft<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Edward Abbey: Mystical
Anarchist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jonathan Lee<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Edward Abbey was a mystic, a worshipper of nature, considering
himself “not an atheist, but an earthiest.” He was also a lifelong anarchist,
decrying all those who vie to enslave humanity and nature, inspiring a
multitude of activists with his writings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In his youth, Abbey was fascinated by the writings of Taoist philosopher
Chuang Tzu. In his journals he wrote of one parable in particular,
regarding a man who claimed to know how to manage horses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“…horses have hooves to carry them over frost and snow, and hair
to protect them from the wind and cold. They eat grass, drink water,
and show their spirit by flinging up their heels as they gallop over the
plains. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Such is the real nature
of horses. Then one day a man appeared who convinced the local
people that he truly understood the management of horses better than they
did. So they stepped aside as he branded the horses, pared their
hooves, slipped halters on them, tied them up, hobbled their legs, and locked
them in stables. Before long, three of the horses
died. But that failed to deter the man, who told onlookers once
again that he understood the management of horses better than they.
(Bishop 24)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This parable appealed to Abbey due to the fact that it
simultaneously decries the oppression of humanity and the mistreatment of
nature. To Abbey, the man represents authority, while the horses
represent both mankind and the natural world. In <i>Desert
Solitaire,</i> Abbey writes, “…wilderness is not a luxury but a necessity
of the human spirit, and as vital to our lives as water and good
bread. A civilization which destroys what little remains of the
wild, the spare, the original, is cutting itself off from its origins and
betraying the principle of civilization itself” (169). To Abbey,
spirituality demands anarchism, as industry and progress (both consequences of
the state and the concentration of power) inevitably defile and destroy nature,
thereby crippling the human spirit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Edward Abbey was a fervent anarchist. This fact is
brushed upon briefly in <i>Desert Solitaire</i>, but is quite obvious
after an examination of Abbey’s life and writings. Within <i>Desert
Solitaire,</i> Abbey quotes the revolutionary anarchist Mikhail Bakunin,
“there are times when creation can be achieved only through
destruction. The urge to destroy is then a creative urge” (Abbey
162). Later, Abbey commends the Mormons for how they have organized
their society in a communal and egalitarian fashion. Outside
of <i>Desert Solitaire, </i>Abbey’s journal entries are rife with
anarchistic sentiments. In an entry dated December 1951, Abbey
proclaims in his journal that his “favorite melodramatic theme [is] the harried
anarchist, a wounded wolf, struggling toward the green hills, or the
black-white alpine mountains, or the purple-golden desert range and
liberty. Will he make it? Or will the FBI shoot him down
on the very threshold of wilderness and freedom?” (<i>Confessions of a
Barbarian </i>10) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In his college years, Abbey frequently had run-ins with
authority.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1947, upon Abbey’s posting
of a notice on a college bulletin board at IUP urging students to destroy their
draft cards, the FBI opened a file, keeping tabs on him throughout the rest of
his life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Federal Bureau of
Investigation)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, at the University
of New Mexico, Abbey was an editor of the student newspaper <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Thunderbird</i>, publishing an article
on anarchism, the cover displaying the quote “Man will never be free until the
last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For this, the newspaper removed him from his
position and confiscated all circulated copies of the issue (Cahalan).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In order to earn a master’s degree in
philosophy, Abbey wrote his dissertation, entitled “Anarchism and the Morality
of Violence” (Bishop 79). Violence was a topic of great interest to
Abbey, and this interest had great impact on his writing of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Monkey Wrench Gang.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Writing amidst the pressures of the Cold War, Abbey criticized
both the capitalism of the west and the Soviet-style Marxism of the east,
drawing influences from the ideas of Erich Fromm and Mikhail Bakunin
(Anarchism: The Morality of Violence).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Abbey considered himself “an opponent of government and bureaucracy,”
opposing his father’s advocacy for a “socialist state control of the means of
production” as an “answer to poverty and oppression” (Cahalan).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey detested government in all its forms,
as “socialism, communism, and democratic capitalism were all guilty of the same
failing: accommodating themselves to and actively encouraging growth of the
nation-state” (Bishop 102).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Upon reading <i>Desert Solitaire</i>, one finds that
Abbey’s notion of traditional religion is rather contemptuous. When
speaking on death, Abbey refers to the “insolent interference of leech and
priest.” (213)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Towards the
end of the book, in “Episodes and Visions,” Abbey ridicules the practices of a
number of the world’s major religions, lambasting baptism, the Virgin Mary, the
Abrahamic creation myth, as well as the Hindu doctrines regarding “nasal
emunction” (236). However, Abbey does not spare atheism, ridiculing the
“small-town atheist…with his Little Blue Books and sneering jokes against ancient
and venerable institutions” (236). These critiques that Abbey makes leave very
little room for Abbey’s own beliefs, significantly narrowing down the list of
possible candidates. What is certain, however, is that in spite of
the numerous biblical allusions included within the book, Abbey is convinced of
an alternative belief system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The most obvious clue as to what spiritual beliefs Abbey holds
is the constant reference to God, the gods, and spirits of the
desert. His religious sentiments are aptly expressed in “Down the
River,” where he writes, “…when I write of paradise I mean <i>Paradise, </i>not
the banal Heaven of the saints. When I write ‘paradise’ I mean not
only apple trees and golden women but also scorpions and tarantulas and flies,
rattlesnakes and Gila monsters, sandstorms, volcanoes and earthquakes, bacteria
and bear, cactus, yucca, bladderweed, ocotillo and mesquite, flash floods and
quicksand, and yes –disease and death and the rotting of flesh” (167). In fact,
this is why Abbey compulsively ascribes humanly characteristics to everything
he encounters, for which he admonishes himself constantly. In his
final personification, Abbey writes in “Bedrock and Paradox,” “I am almost
prepared to believe that this sweet virginal primitive land will be grateful
for my departure and the absence of the tourists, will breathe metaphorically a
collective sigh of relief—like a whisper of wind— when we are all and finally
gone and the place and its creations can return to their ancient procedures
unobserved and undisturbed by the busy, anxious, brooding consciousness of man”
(267).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey reveres all things in the
natural world as being holier than any relic, with each component housing a
portion of God, and it must be respected as such. Such are the sentiments
of a true animist, one who believes that all things have a spiritual existence
of their own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further corroborating
Abbey’s animism, he writes in “Polemic: Industrial Tourism and the National
Parks,” “An increasingly pagan and hedonistic people (thank God!), we are
learning finally that the forests and mountains and desert canyons are holier
than our churches” (52).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Earlier in the
book, Abbey is captivated by the petroglyphs left on the rocks and canyons by
the Anasazi, depicting “gods from the underworld,” and the like. (101) “Beware,
traveler. You are approaching the land of the horned gods.” It’s
hard not to think that, in a sense, Abbey believes in such deities himself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Abbey’s anarchism is deeply intertwined with his
spirituality. According to the Oxford Dictionary, mysticism is
defined as the “belief that union with or absorption into the Deity or the
absolute, or with spiritual apprehension of knowledge inaccessible to the
intellect, may be attained through contemplation and self-surrender.” By
this definition, Abbey is undoubtedly a mystic. Every chapter is
rife with references to the “spiritual appeal” (240) of the desert, and the
spirits and gods who inhabit it. It seems, in fact, that the primary
reason he took the position of park ranger is on account of his
mysticism. In “The First Morning,” Abbey claims that he has come to
Arches because he wants “To meet God or Medusa face to face, even if it means
risking everything human in myself,” and that he “dream[s] of a hard and brutal
mysticism in which the naked self merges with a non human world…” Abbey’s life
and writings demonstrate that he was an animist with an anarchistic
vision. His work suggests that the institution of a sort of
collective anarchism would align perfectly with nature, and that this harmony
demands the smashing of unnatural forces that mutilate human freedom and
Abbey’s revered natural world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Such a conflation of mysticism and anarchism is not without
precedent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the aftermath of the
Bolshevik revolution in Russia, a new ideology emerged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mystical Anarchism, primarily accredited to
Professor Apollon Andreevich Karelin, provided the Russian intelligentsia with
a solution to a number of problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
provided leftists with an alternative to a “dictatorship of the Bolshevik type”
via decentralization and the promotion of personal liberties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Additionally, it provided a way to combat
the “spiritual retardedness,” of the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This was an era in which “vulgar scientism” reigned supreme, and
mysticism was a hard sell (Nalimov).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, Gnostic Christianity, an Abrahamic belief-system with an
increased focus on personal belief and spiritual awareness, was experiencing a
revival in the 1920s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The “spirited
retardedness” of the Russian intelligentsia was responsible for an aggressive
intolerance, and many were not open to new and foreign ideas (Nalimov).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The people were divided, with leftists
finding themselves in sectarian camps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The fusion of mysticism and anarchism provided an opportunity to promote
greater unity among the left on a higher and intuitive level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey diverges from this tradition of
Mystical Anarchism in that his version of religion is far less formal and
organized, and is more focused on nature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Abbey’s anarchism is a product of his spirituality, not the other way
around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still, he finds himself in the
same tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 1975, Abbey published <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Monkey Wrench Gang</i>, an adventure novel centered around four environmental
fanatics dedicated to combating the destruction of their beloved American
Southwest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Armed with pliers, wrenches,
gasoline, and caltrops, the gang goes about committing crimes ranging from the
immolation of billboards to the destruction of bridges.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The novel paved the way for radical
environmentalism, and four years after its publication, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Earth First!</i>, an environmental advocacy group, was established. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Earth First!</i>’s members were dedicated to
liberating the environment by any means necessary, unfurling a massive tarp
over the Glen Canyon dam displaying a crack in the cement in 1985, “cutting power
lines ski tows,” slashing barbed wire on cattle ranches, and destroying
bulldozer crankcases with sand and Karo syrup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After Abbey’s death, several of its members were imprisoned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The influence that Abbey had was wielded
deliberately.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He claimed of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Monkey Wrench Gang</i>, “I hoped it
would stir people into actions to do things I am too cowardly to do myself”
(Bishop 14).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite his cowardice,
Abbey ultimately succeeded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Abbey’s endorsement of radical environmentalism cements the fact
Abbey’s passionate mysticism towards nature is not merely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">compatible</i> with anarchism, but that it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">necessitates </i>it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jack Mormon
Seldom Seen Smith of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monkey Wrench
Gang</i>, whist kneeling atop the Glen Canyon Dam, prays, “Dear old God, you
know and I know what it was like here, before them bastards from Washington
moved in and ruined it all… How about a little old <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pre-</i>cision-type earthquake right under this dam?” (33) His prayer
is cut short by a park ranger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abbey,
like Smith, holds this sentiment very dear: nature is holy, and the state, due
to its ever-increasing fervor for expansion, never fails to destroy it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can be seen in the highways, the uranium
mining, the dams, every aspect of the industrial tourism and development that
Abbey so abhorred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Some might say that this abhorrence is directed at capitalism,
as it is the automotive industry and big corporations who are largely
responsible for the development, that government itself is deformed and
crooked, but still salvageable, necessary even.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Desert Solitaire </i>was
written during the Cold War, it was the U.S. government and the Atomic Energy
Commission that was subsidizing uranium prospects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dam-builders, the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, are also responsible for the destruction. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As for the National Parks, the National Park
Service yields to the automotive industry, which carries out its wishes through
the Department of Public Roads.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fact
is that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">capitalism</i> is not the only
culprit; Abbey holds <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">all</i> government
responsible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">All </i>government fails to see that growth and progress destroy what
is most valuable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Abbey has called on us to take a stand against the systems of
control, which ravage our world, and which cripple our spirituality, the very
essence of our humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like the horses
of Chuang Tzu, we have been branded, our legs hobbled, locked up like
slaves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When will we be liberated and
live according to our true nature, “showing our spirit by flinging up our heels
as we gallop over the plains”?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall we
take action?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall we dismantle their
apparatus, tear down their billboards, and blow up their bridges, dams, and
highways that mar the countryside?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall
we find ourselves in some enraged and unorganized fashion, as George Hayduke of
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Monkey Wrench Gang</i> suggests, “in
twos and threes, fighting back”?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall
we fight against our government who seeks to extend its control across this
land like a cancer?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shall we defend our
mother earth who gave us everything against those greedy and shortsighted
enough to destroy her?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We shall take up
that calling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because, as Abbey
expresses with his poem “What Zapata Said,”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“The land,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">like the sun,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">like the air we breathe,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">belongs to everyone—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Apples</i> 67)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00409645052835222551noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-26024584524847537652014-12-04T19:42:00.001-05:002014-12-04T19:42:25.425-05:00Final Project: Rough Draft<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Samuel Li</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dr. Adam Johns</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">English Composition 0200</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">28 November 2014</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Namesake</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The tale of Lilith had a profound effect on literature, art, and the lens with which we view and interpret religion. In Abrahamic lore, she was the first wife of Adam, a demon and succubus, a symbol of sin. Yet artists and writers developed a fascination for Lilith, portraying her in steadily more tragic and sympathetic lights. Her story has made her a symbol of modern feminism, yet her nature is that of a demon. Traditionally, Lilith symbolizes evil and sin, yet as time goes on, we interpret her story in more positive lights; where before we saw disobedience, we now see independence. Where before she was hated and fear, now her </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">story </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is admired. Reinterpretation of the what we already know not only paints our previous views in new lights, but also challenges our original beliefs. This being so, it’s no surprise that the titular Lilith of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Brood</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> acts as the protagonist and hero of the story, as an allegory of the original Lilith’s tale. Her portrayal in the story makes a statement on the original tale and the values behind it.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then the obvious question is: who symbolizes who? Lilith is Lilith, obviously, but everyone else is fair game. No one directly translates neatly and completely from one tale into the other; there is no one character that is </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">definitely</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Adam, nor is there one character that is </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">definitely</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Eve. Rather, it’s the sentiment and purpose of these characters and symbols that get translated over: God, Eden, the apples and demons, and so on. In order to understand the meanings of the characters in the novel, we first have to understand the meanings of the characters in the original tale.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To begin, a disclaimer: Lilith, despite her cultural impact and widespread popularity, did not appear in the original Bible, at least not enough to have a story. At best, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">something</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can could be interpreted as Lilith appears in one or two lines, yet it makes no mention of her as Adam’s first wife, or as the temptress who has Eve eat the forbidden fruit. Originally, she was merely a Babylonian demon, who preyed on infants and pregnant mothers, and she remained that way for quite a while. However, the Old Testament mentions God creating a woman even before he created Eve from Adam’s rib: “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.” (KJV, Gen. 1.27) Therefore, some people theorized that another woma</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n must have </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">existed before Eve, and so Lilith’s story was born. She did not get her own story until the apocryphal </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alphabet of Ben Sira</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, an anonymous Jewish text that first establishes her tale, additions to the original texts. (Gaines)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It begins with Ben Sira’s account, when God creates Adam out of the earth, and decides to create another human from the earth: a female, Lilith. Contrast this with how Eve was said to be created from Adam’s rib: whereas there the female was derived from the male, here, the male and female were created side-by-side. Whereas Eve submitted, Lilith did not. This became a source of conflict, where Adam and Lilith fought over her refusal to submit and act “womanly”. Their fights cumulated to the point where Lilith pronounced God’s true name, a terrible sin. She then left the Garden, flying away as a winged demon. God further punished her by killing a hundred of her children, the Lilim, each passing day should she not return to the Garden, and she retaliates by killing babies. (Gaines) Her story only gets longer from here. The Zohar, an interpretation of various Hebrew texts, has her couple with Samael, the angel of death and a simultaneously good and evil force. God, fearing the onset of their demonic children, forbids them to procreate, and Lilith turns promiscuous in retaliation. More and more artists and writers added their interpretations and spins on her character. Some were sympathetic, like in Robert Browning’s “Adam, Lilith, and Eve”, where Lilith was the one who truly loved Adam. Others were not, where Lilith makes a deal with the devil to assume the shape of a serpent, to be the serpent who tempts Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit. The important parts to take away from this, however, is that first, Lilith gets banished from Eden for defying Adam and God. Second, she symbolizes promiscuity and fertility, and couples with demons, birthing more demons, the Lilim. Third, while it is a tentative point, Lilith is a temptress, often associated with the serpent that convinced Eve to eat the fruit, resulting in their banishment.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So again, who symbolizes who? As the main character, Lilith stands at the center of it all; who the others represent is mostly defined by their relationship with Lilith herself. But to begin, a fundamental question, who symbolizes God? In this case, it’s not a </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">who</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, but a </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">what</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Seeing as how this story lacks any real characters on the level of a “force of nature”, God isn’t symbolized by any single character. In fact, it’s not symbolized by a character at all, but a concept. Consider how in the original tale, God is merely the authority Lilith defies. She refuses its values, defies its orders, and speaks its true name, causing it to banish her from Eden. However, she still makes a deal with God, promising not to kill any children that wear an amulet with her name on it, showing how she’s not completely free from its authority. (Gaines) Thus, in </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Brood</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, God is symbolized as the concept of humanity. “Humanity” is what literally every human in the novel holds as sacred, even Lilith. This becomes even more apparent as the Lilith awakens more humans, where they start to turn against Lilith, banding together, taking pride in their humanity. When they discover Joseph to be modified, and no longer “pure human”, they kill him. They refer to Lilith and the Oankali, the “inhuman”, as “...you and your animals.” (Butler 227) In all their scenes, they value their humanity the most. Even Lilith, the supposed betrayer of humanity, fears that their children “...won’t be human. That’s what matters. You can’t understand, but that is what matters.” (Butler 248) This ties in to Lilith’s deal with God. Even if Lilith from the myth betrays God, she is not free from its influence. Similarly, even if Lilith from the novel “betrays” humanity, she is likewise not free from its influence. Seeing as how the humans view humanity as the ultimate “good” in this conflict, being the main idea to protect and obey, it stands to reason that the concept of humanity represents God. Likewise, the Oankali, as the threats to the idea of “humanity”, are the demons.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s relationship with God and Adam as </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">individuals </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">isn’t quite as important here, seeing as how in the novel, there is no clear “Adam”. The sentiment is the same, in that they both defied “authority”, and what was perceived by humanity to be morally right, and were thus cast out for it. Admittedly, the exact motivations were different. In the myth, Lilith wanted to assert her independence. In the novel, independence, at least from the male gender, is almost a non-issue. Instead, Lilith believes her actions are the best for humanity, even if it sacrifices what makes them human, which causes her ostracization. The resemblance still holds, in which both Liliths abandon God for “demons”. In the case of the novel, the “demons” are both partially figurative, where they seek to destroy what makes humanity human, and partially literal, with “Medusa children. Snakes for hair. Nests of night crawlers for eyes and ears.” (Butler 43) This comparison with demons becomes even more important when the Lilith in the novel starts to “mate” with the Oankali, the demons, paralleling how the Lilith in the myth mates with Samael after her banishment. Similarly, mating with Samael causes Lilith to gain a reputation of promiscuity, while Lilith’s “mating” with the Oankali causes the other humans to react in the same way: “Strip and screw your Nikanj right here for everyone to see, why don’t you. We know you’re their whore! Everyone here knows!” (Butler 241)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(fruit of knowledge)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(counteragrue</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(WHAT DOES IT MEAN</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(conclusion)</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3294e7a4-17e5-926e-9e2c-e1b583e4ae8a" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Works Cited</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Butler, Octavia E. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lilith’s Brood (Dawn)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2000. Print.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"The Alphabet of Ben Sira Question 5 (23a-b)." </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jewish and Christian Literature</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Alan Humm. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. </span><a href="http://jewishchristianlit.com//Topics/Lilith/alphabet.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://jewishchristianlit.com//Topics/Lilith/alphabet.html</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Bible, King James Version</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Bible Resources. Web. 1 Dec 2014</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gaines, Janet H. "Lilith - Seductress, Heroine, or Murderer?" Bible History Daily. Biblical Archaeology Society, 11 Aug. 2014. Web. 29 Nov 2014.</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Veenker, Ronald A. “Forbidden Fruit: Ancient Near Eastern Sexual Metaphors” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Academia.edu.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Academia, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 2 Dec. 2014. </span><a href="http://www.academia.edu/5041322/Forbidden_Fruit_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sexual_Metaphors" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.academia.edu/5041322/Forbidden_Fruit_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sexual_Metaphors</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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Sam Lihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09104709750217460939noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-67427033451031760142014-11-22T18:44:00.002-05:002014-11-22T18:44:45.803-05:00project proposal<div class="MsoNormal">
Ruthie Cohen<o:p></o:p></div>
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Professor Johns<o:p></o:p></div>
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Seminar in Composition<o:p></o:p></div>
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18 November 2014<o:p></o:p></div>
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Final
Project Proposal<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Bibliography<o:p></o:p></div>
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Grady, Denise. Nytimes.com. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New York Times. </i>Accessed 10-15-14. <o:p></o:p></div>
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http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=193524<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Argument<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lewontin criticizes modern science, particularly
the Human Genome Project, arguing that such research gives society false hope <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Science is full of trial and error and has
before produced positive results at the cost of frustration—does this mean we
should just abandon scientific research altogether? How is science expected to
find an answer to anything then?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modern
science is relevant in everyone’s lives<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cancer affects many<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lewontin’s theory that biology is tied to
society’s ideologies<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->In my final project, I plan to make some changes
to my to my revised draft. I plan to add more to my counterargument and
possibly add another one. I want to put less emphasis on my use of an article
from the NY Times and focus more on academic sources backing up Lewontin’s
claim that while cancer research may be beneficial in the long run, it is
detrimental to society and its ideologies. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Introduction and outline<o:p></o:p></div>
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Throughout
the Lewontin’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Biology as Ideology</i>,
he criticizes modern science, arguing that specifically the Human Genome Project
offers false hope for those affected by cancer. Denise Grady’s New York Times
article <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Study Gives Hope of Altering
Genes to Repel HIV </i>gives Lewontin’s argument context, furthering his
challenge of blind faith and purely positive support of medical research. While
deemed by some as cynical and anti-science, Lewontin may be doing society a
service by pointing out the not-so-glorious aspects of modern science and its
implications.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Grady
describes a process in which cells are drained from patients, engineered to
repel AIDS, and then inserted back into the body. This is a revolutionary form
of treatment and a possible cure for an illness that has plagued modern society
for quite some time. Similarly, as Lewontin explains, the Human Genome Project
aims to record the entire pattern of human DNA in an attempt to find and then
fix mutations that lead to cancer. Both are groundbreaking methods offering the
solution to diseases that take the lives of many. Such a solution would give
peace to many victims of cancer and HIV/AIDS and their families.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Unfortunately,
not only uncertainty but also ill intentions haze the path towards a glorified
“cure.” A cynical Lewontin does not hesitate to point out that after the hype
of such trials have died down, “The public will discover that despite the
inflated claims of molecular biologists, people are still dying of cancer, of
heart disease, of stroke, that institutions are still filled with
schizophrenics and manic-depressives, that the war against drugs has not been
won.” (Lewontin 52). Such a threat of disappointment can be seen in the word
choice of Grady’s article. Although very hopeful and optimistic, ambiguous
terms such as “may seem like a pipe dream,” “in theory,” “might in effect” and
“seemed to help” imply a lack of confidence, a preparation for a setback.
Indeed, exploratory science is unpredictable and merely experimental. Both
Lewontin and Grady explore the topic of “gene editing” and its tantalizing yet
simultaneously risky aspects.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Introduce counterargument: if this attitude
sustains, humanity will just give up on science altogether and then certainly
will not be able to find a cure<o:p></o:p></div>
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On the other hand, throughout history,
science has always been riddled with mistakes and repeats, a necessary
inconvenience on the track to success. If such experimentation never has the
chance to develop, how can society expect to reach a solution? While this may
be true, and some science is not worth giving up on, it may be time for us to
succumb to certain forces that are much bigger than ourselves. While Lewontin’s
argument may be inconvenient and even socially unacceptable, he is valid in
questioning the efforts of modern science specific to cancer research—a field
in which we have much to gain but perhaps even more to lose.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Expand with other examples of Lewontin’s
argument from the text<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Make specific: defense of modern science<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lewontian problems with HIV<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Doesn’t matter that motivations are wrong—it’s
still a functioning system<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Use Lewontin to show it is still promising<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Greed in scientific system: scientists based on
success<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A part but also a critic<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Philosophical approach or scientific?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Critics of Lewontin<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->E.
O. Wilson <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What is wrong and why does it matter?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Greed wrecks modern science is invalid because
greed is at heart of system and we are still successful<o:p></o:p></div>
Ruthie Cohenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07268166271671667413noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-79704868827208637382014-11-21T22:19:00.001-05:002014-11-21T22:19:59.294-05:00Project Proposal
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bibliography:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Butler, Octavia E. Dawn. New York: Integrated
Media, n.d. Web<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I use multiple quotations and will get additional
information once I read the last two books to support my argument. By using the
text to show the Oankali’s incompleteness in knowledge further supports the argument
that genetic determinism is incomplete.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Freeman, Scott, et al. "Gene Structure and
Expression." Biological Science. 5th <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ed. New Jersey:
Parson Education Company, 2014. 237-304. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I use my biology textbook for information on certain genetically
inherited traits and how environmental factors are equally involved. The
textbook provides factual scientific information to keep my argument
scientifically correct.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lewontin, R.C. Biology as Ideology. New York:
HarperCollins Publishers; 1991. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Biology as an Ideology not only provides the basis of my argument
off of Lewontin’s own ideas but I can also go more in depth into Lewontin’s
background information to further support my argument.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">"An Overview of the Human Genome
Project." National Human Genome Research <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Institute. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://genome.gov>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This is a scientific website providing accurate information
on the human genome project which is a strong example I use. The website gives
an overall description on what research comes into play and the goals of the
human genome project which I use against them to show the inaccuracies of the
project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I really am obsessed with this essay’s topic. I want to
expand off my last essay and just further detail my main points. I think I have
solid, valid supporting examples and want to hopefully keep all of them and
just separate each one supporting argument out and again add more detail. My
overall goal is to scientifically and accurately prove that genetic determinism
is incomplete with the support of Butler’s symbolism and imagery as well as
Lewontin’s theories and factual genetic examples from my biology textbook. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">My argument is that Butler uses the Oankali to illustrate
the errors/limitations in modern science that is supported by scientist like Lewontin
and modern research to show there is a more scientifically correct way. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Why it’s important: Many modern scientist support genetic
determinism like those creating the human genome project however there are many
inaccuracies with this theory and it’s important to understand what they are. I
will prove that genetic determinism is incomplete and use strong, scientifically
accurate and relevant information to show that there is hope in modern science for
better methods and thus better scientific institutions (which in itself is
important).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I can fine tune this thesis further but my biggest struggle
is how to end it with a clear statement. I want to say that Lewontin’s ideas
and modern research of PKU and BRCA1 show that there are better methods and better
science in modern science. However, even that doesn’t sound to pretty so one of
my edits will be having a concise thesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cutting and Keeping:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I plan on adding information from the last two books in
Butler’s Lilith’s Brood, however I need to read them first and plan out what parts
are useful so that will be determined later. I also want to add background
information on Lewontin and possibly on Butler as well but I haven’t decided if
that will be necessary. I will cut out (hopefully) every single grammatical
error!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Outline:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Introduction to thesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Defining genetic determinism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Explaining the misconceptions and scientific inaccuracies
of genetic determinism and scientifically proving it’s incompleteness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Background information on Lewontin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Research to support genetic determinism is
incomplete<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">a.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">PKU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">b.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">BRCA1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The human genome project, explain its scientific
inaccuracies to support the main argument<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">7.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oankali’s incomplete knowledge of humans and
thus the symbolic reference to the incompleteness of genetic determinism- use
lots of quotes from Lilith’s Brood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">8.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Then delve into the last two books to prove the
Oankali’s errors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">9.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conclusion: Butler uses the Oankali to show the limitations
of genetic determinism and Lilith to show instill hope for better scientific
modern methods<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04157623268547926676noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-55193637355803451512014-11-19T21:24:00.001-05:002014-11-19T21:25:23.600-05:00Final Project Proposal<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jonathan Hranek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. Adam Johns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">English Composition
0200<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">19 November 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Argument –</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I am going to argue that hierarchies are
a natural part of a civilization in order to function correctly. Simply having
different jobs for the various sections of a culture provides the most basic
structure to set up a hierarchy. Due to the Oankali’s intelligence, they
overlook the fact that they have a basic hierarchical structure, which they
argue to be the cause of the downfall of the human race. This shows their
hypocrisy when it comes to their evaluations on the differences between
humanity’s characteristics and those of the Oankali race. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Possible Counterargument -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the Oankali do not have a hierarchical
structure for various reasons. I hope dissuade and/or close that argument
through this essay. There are multiple other arguments that could come up from
my point of view because what I am arguing is not typical for this book. I am
going against the grain, one could say, since it says in the book that the
Oankali are supposedly not hierarchically structured, but I am arguing for the
opposite. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I plan on keeping
most of my second revision because it fits nicely with my theme that I am
arguing for right now. However, deciding what to cut will be more difficult. I
foresee myself changing the sentences I had already had to fit my thesis
instead of completely deleting them. I intend to add in some criticism (if
possible) about hierarchies and their effects on societies. Maybe even
arguments about what they are derived from and how they help to make a
functioning group of peoples. I may even include some background information on
the author to see if her viewpoints or beliefs have any affect on what the
Oankali think about humanity (like if she is speaking her thoughts through the
Oankali).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Why we should care –</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> we should care because hierarchies are the
sole basis upon which humans can somewhat judge how they are doing, where they
want to go, and how they are planning to get to that point of the social
ladder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Outline -<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">What hierarchies
do in society<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sources
to help with this<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beginning
hypocrisy with the Oankali<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sources
to help with this<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Information about
author to support my argument<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">*Depending on how
much/what kind of information I find will determine a clearer picture as to
where I will place the resulting paragraphs and what they will specifically
say.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bibliography - <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Butler, Octavia E. <i>Lilith's Brood</i>. New York:
Aspect/Warner, 2000. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">I am going to use this source for the main
reasons as to why the Oankali have a hierarchical structure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Johns,
J. Adam. "Becoming Medusa: Octavia Butler's "Lilith's Brood" and
Sociobiology." <i>Science Fiction Studies</i> 37.3 (2010): 382-400. <i>JSTOR</i>.
Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/25746440>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">I will use this source to further support my
thesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07773778354613315716noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-76764574139167159892014-11-19T18:56:00.002-05:002014-11-19T18:56:41.810-05:00Project Proposal<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Emma Sullivan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Project Proposal<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Potential argument(s): </b>In my paper, I want to explore just why our
society has become such a carnivorous, toxic environment when it comes to
eating and perhaps shed a light on why we are so resistant to change. To do so,
I plan to highlight two documentaries that have been made which paradigm
lifestyle changes people have made, and talk about why they are effective in
both their information, and persuasiveness. I am also exploring the possibility
of having 2 “subjects” watch these documentaries and answer a series of
questions in order to examine whether these films invoke change on either
individual. This experiment is tentative, but definitely something I may
include in my paper. The purpose of this paper is both to inform and enlighten,
and will explore the idea we discussed many times in class of how things are,
and how things ought to be. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Significance: </b>In this paper, I plan to compile various statistics
pertaining to health and food in America today in order to emphasize the need
for change. In this way, I hope to get the reader thinking about the need for
change as well as the factors holding change back, which we need to overcome on
an individual and societal level. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Possible Counterarguments: </b>As of where my argument stands right
now, some possible counterarguments that could arise include the idea that we
have the freedom to choose what we eat individually, and that right should not
be controlled or mandated in any way. When, in fact it is mandated currently by
our government, which allows for the level and poor quality of agriculture that
goes on in America today. I also plan to absolve the idea that it would be
impossible to shut down these big-business corporations with proposals on how
to make our food industry more small-scale and local. Essentially, I plan on
not just saying how things ought to be—but also giving examples of how to make
the “ought to be” happen. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bibliography: <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">"Being a Vegetarian." <i>Brown University</i>.
Brown University, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. This source provides some simple
definitions/facts that I may include in the introductory paragraphs of my
paper. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">"Compassion for the Animals." <i>Animal Rights
and Vegetarianism- Why Be a Vegetarian?</i> N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. This
source is one that provides several general arguments for becoming a
vegetarian, which I will be highlighting and referencing throughout my paper. I
will most likely be conduction further research on several of them.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #2b1b1f; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #2b1b1f; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Fat, Sick, & Nearly Dead.</span></i><span style="color: #2b1b1f; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
Cross, Joe., et al. Brooklyn, NY: Reboot Media, 2011.</span> This is one of the
2 documentaries I plan on utilizing in my paper. It illustrates tangible and
drastic change made by one person, which affected many. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i><span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Graham Hill: Why I'm a Weekday Vegetarian</span></i><span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">. Perf. Graham Hill. TED
Talks, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">This source brings to light some of the environmental
benefits of becoming a vegetarian, and adds another component to my argument
that is aside from the issue of health alone. <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<i><span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Vegucated</span></i><span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">. Dir. Marisa Miller Wolfson. Perf. Marisa Miller Wolfson.
Kind Green <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Planet/Get Vegucated,
2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">This is the other documentary which I plan on utilizing
and potentially showing to experimenters. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">I also plan to do more in depth research on several
statistics, companies, etc. I will discern what areas need further research as
I begin drafting my paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Rough Outline:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraph one: an introduction, including some shocking
and worrisome facts about the state of our health and food system as a whole
today. I also plan to clearly define my argument.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraph two: I hope to include research on vegetarianism/veganism,
as well as a further investigation of what we are doing wrong as a country by
eating meat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraph three: I will introduce the question of why
people have such a hard time changing, and introduce <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fat, Sick, and Nearly Dead</i> and begin discussing this movie (this
may be split into multiple paragraphs)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraph 4: I will also introduce <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vegucated </i>and discuss its cause/what we should take from it, and
also look at some ways its effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraph 5: I will introduce the possible survey I hope to
conduct, and give a brief over view on the subjects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraphs 6-9: In approximately 3 paragraphs I plan to
examine the findings and make something of them in relation to the need to
change—this will all be depending on what I find.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraph 10: Potential counterarguments may come into
play for a paragraph, which will introduce some proposals from both others and
myself on how we can change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Paragraphs ?: Potential solutions and conclusion of what
to take from this <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">*Note that many of these “paragraphs” will most likely
split into several paragraphs, and will of course be returning and emphasizing
the idea of how things are and things ought to be throughout the paper. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-34282892468050121652014-11-19T17:43:00.000-05:002014-11-21T16:39:43.558-05:00Final Project Proposal <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Madison Kraemer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dr. Adam Johns</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">English Composition 0200</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">19 November 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Final Project
Proposal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sources:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://firsttoknow.com/911-conspiracy-theories/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: Calibri;">http://firsttoknow.com/911-conspiracy-theories/</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">:
I decided to use this source because it has many different videos that
theorists have constructed. I do not plan on incorporating all eight theories in
my paper but I do want to include the ones that are the most logical and
believable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u>Abbey, Edward. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Desert Solitaire; a Season in the Wilderness.</i> New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1968. Print.</u> Obviously, I must incorporate Abbey’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Desert Solitaire</i> in my paper and I will
most likely be focusing on the chapter “Polemic: Industrial Tourism and the
National Parks” since it has many direct references to Abbey’s personal
feelings on the government. But my overall goal is to try and incorporate as
much information throughout the entire book by using specific quotes to support
the conspiracy theories. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://newsone.com/742485/the-11-most-compelling-911-conspiracy-theories/"><span style="color: #0563c1; font-family: Calibri;">http://newsone.com/742485/the-11-most-compelling-911-conspiracy-theories/</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">:
Again, this is another website that contains a wide variety of conspiracy
theories on 9/11. It also includes many videos of possible explanations to these
theories but again I will only be choosing the ones that are the most logical
and believable in my paper. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Wood,
Michael J., and Karen M. Douglas. "“What about Building 7?” A Social
Psychological Study of Online Discussion of 9/11 Conspiracy Theories." <i>Front
Psychol. 2013</i> 4.409 (2013): n. pag. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.</span></u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> This is a scholarly journal found on the
library database that basically describes the reason why there are conspiracy
theories and the effects of conspiracy theories on the public. I plan to make
this my first body paragraph so it sets up the importance of my argument and my
paper. </span><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></o:p></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Knight,
Peter. "Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to
9/11 in Germany and the United States." <i>New German Critique</i> 104
(2008): 1+. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. </span></u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">This is another scholarly journal article found on the library database.
This journal article is about the effects the 9/11 conspiracy theories have on
not only Americans but also the Germans. It lists multiple statistics that
state the percentage of people who believe the government is behind the 9/11
attacks and their views on the conspiracy theories. I plan on using this
journal article in the majority of my paper and using specific statistics to
support the conspiracy theories. </span><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span></o:p></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Argument:</b> As citizens, we need to believe in these conspiracy theorist and their views because each year the government gains more power and control over us citizens which gives them the power to sensor all information released to the people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Counter Arguments:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">9/11 was not “planned” and it was a terrorist attack<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">US government it out to protect us not destroy us, so why would they make something up</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Why would a country kill their own people on purpose and
destroy massive/important buildings that would cost millions even billions to
repair or rebuild?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Meaning: </span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The whole
purpose of my paper is to show the corruption in the government by using the
event on 9/11 as one example. I want to show that everything we “see” my not be
what it really is. The government is very powerful and has the capability to
sensor all information released to the media. For example, the government
resembles the way North Korea runs their country (not as extreme) because they
control all information we citizens obtain. I chose this type of approach because we all know that conspiracy theories exist but what we don't know is why they matter and why we even have them. People think conspiracy theorists are "crazy" and irrational and not the "norm" because they think differently. But my question is, what if these conspiracy theories are actually true and the reason we think they are "crazy" or not the "norm" is because we are so corrupted by our government that we do not know any other answer than what we have been told. </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Outline:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">September 11, 2001 was a tragic
day that Americans will never forget. On this day, it is believed that terrorist
attacked the United States and killed thousands of people in order to make a
statement. My question is, did terrorist attack the United States or did our
own government stage the attack? “</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Theorists believe that the World Trade Center </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">buildings were demolished by bombs, phone
calls from the planes were made up, and the former President George W. Bush</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> secretly
profited from the attacks,”(NewsOne). Abbey is an
anarchist that believes the government has too much control and has the
capability to do anything they desire. Abbey’s beliefs match up quite well with
a conspiracy theorist which leads me to believe he would have the same views on
the attack on 9/11. As citizens, we need to believe in these conspiracy theorist and their views because each year the government gains more power and control over us citizens which gives them the power to sensor all information released to the people.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Body Paragraph 1:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Wood,
Michael J., and Karen M. Douglas. "“What about Building 7?” A Social
Psychological Study of Online Discussion of 9/11 Conspiracy Theories." <i>Front
Psychol. 2013</i> 4.409 (2013): n. pag. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.</span></u><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Reason
for conspiracy theories</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Effects
of conspiracy theories on society</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Why
conspiracy theories matter</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Body Paragraph 2:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">World Trade Center was a controlled demolition<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bombs is what brought the towers down, not planes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Reason for
the stack collapse<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The infrastructure of the towers would not make it not
fall the way it did<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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structure of the towers would not make it fall straight down<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Falling collapse<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Aluminum planes can’t penetrate steel structure of
World Trade Center<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Commercial airplanes’ frames are constructed with a very light aluminum
material in order to make it easier to fly. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Theorists maintain that there is no possible way an airplane can do as much
damage as it did to the Twin Towers as it did. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Theorists believe that missiles or explosives were used to ensure the
buildings collapsed.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span><!--[endif]--><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Body Paragraph 3: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Cell phone calls made from plane are fake</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Cell phones cannot receive reception from
that altitude</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">No way the calls could have been made</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">How could
there have been calls made?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Planes back then did not have “airplane mode”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Didn’t have
the capability to make calls/texts<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Even today, you cannot call from a cell phone while
flying<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Technology
today is far more advanced than 2001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Body Paragraph 4: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The Pentagon attack scientifically doesn’t
hold up</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Impact in the pentagon were smaller than
airplane</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">How can this be</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Plane was not shot down</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">No planes can fly close to white house or pentagon</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Crash occurred in a vacant area of pentagon</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Coincidence?</span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*My goal for each body paragraph is for it to be broken
up into two, maybe three paragraph so I they are not so dense and lengthy </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*I will be explaining the true meaning of each conspiracy theory in each paragraph and describe why each one MATTERS</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*I will be incorporating Abbey in almost every paragraph
by using a quote or summary of his views<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">*I will also be including the 5<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup> source in
almost every paragraph because it includes vast amounts of information that is
beneficial to all aspects of my paper<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13355454183575182147noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9104678730176687014.post-85288735083809726582014-11-19T17:29:00.002-05:002014-11-21T15:51:42.517-05:00Final Project<div class="MsoNormal">
Final project: Dec 10<sup>th</sup> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Essay: 8-10 pages<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Secondary sources: 2<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Question leading argument: How is Abbey able to construct his observations on humanity and present them to us? Is he an anthropologist? How does he make himself seem like one?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How does this question generate an argument: This question
generates an argument that Abbey was intentional and calculating in his narrative choses to most effectively and credibly display his observations<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why does this argument matter: It allows us to explore methods
of writing and tools that span Abbeys "Desert solitude" and connect that to the
way we look at culture and the way anthropology looks at culture. It will link to anthropology and the blindness we have
toward our own cultures<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Counter: We can judge our own culture by ourselves without
the help of some outside perspective. These are Abbey's true observations</div>
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I think I want to use "Desert solitaire" in comparison to "Righteous Dopefiends" and some other articles on anthropology to explore how ideas on
humanity and culture are constructed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would look
at the kinds of situations you have to be in to comment on humanity.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">To Hate or not to Hate: An exploration of
Misanthropic messages in “Desert of Solitude” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In his book “Desert Solitaire” Abbey displays distrust for
“humanity”. He describes it as misanthropic. He expresses it directly and also
indirectly through the use of story telling. How does Abbey define “humanity”
exactly? Throughout the book Abbey has a theme of duality, so it only makes
sense that Abbey would have two definitions for what he calls humanity. Readers
could misinterpret him for a bitter introvert who hates people. When in
actuality Abbey would love to have family or friends with him at some points.
He does not hate people or necessarily humanity, but rather the warped society
that we have created. Therefore Abbey is not as misanthropic as he thinks he is
just frustrated with cultures ability to change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
You could not say that Abbey hates people. In his chapter Cowboys and Indian
part two he directly states that he gets lonely he says “that the one thing
better than solitude, the only thing better then solitude is society” (Abbey
97). He then goes onto explain that his definition of society is not a city,
but a group of friends or family. Abbey makes it very clear that he is not a
people hater. He appreciates people their qualities and the relationships you
can build with them. His loneliness is also expressed by his displacement of
qualities he misses from humanity onto aspects of nature. These small
descriptions make it seem impossible for Abbey to hate Humanity either.<span style="color: #131313;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He says later in
the book, “I was accused of being against civilization, against science,
against humanity. Naturally, I was flattered and at the same time surprised,
hurt, a little shocked. He repeated the charge. But how, I replied, being
myself a member of humanity (albeit involuntarily, without prior consultation),
could I be against humanity without being against myself, whom I love - though
not very much…” (244). Abbey is clearly picking fun of himself here, but the
ideas and his shock are true he never meant to come of the way he did. </span>Abbey
does not hate people or humanity. What he does hate is the destructive culture
we have some how taken on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Omohundro’s article “Thinking
like an Anthropologist?” he describes the seven characteristics necessary for
culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“1.Cultures are integrated<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Cultures are products of history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Cultures can be changed, and the
can cause change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Cultures are strengthened by
values.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. Cultures are powerful
determinants of behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6. Cultures are
largely composed and transmitted by symbols.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7. Human
culture is unique in complexity and variability” (Omohundro 36).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman";">For Abbey not all of these are deterrents in every culture.
Abbey really only hates the rapid change in consumer culture that has started.
To get even more specific the roots of Abbey’s hatred are focused on numbers 3
and 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Abbey is clearly able to discuss this general hatred for our evolving culture
through many little rants and short stories. He shows a clear hatred for anyone
who disrupts or destroys the natural order of nature, but Abbey never attacks
any specific person instead he attacks groups. He attacks sub-cultures of our
consumer culture. The groups he rants against are the businessmen, tourist,
shepherds, and the government. All of these titles are cultural constructs. He
says that sheepherders are “as hog-rich as they are pig headed” (31). He thinks
that their persecution of the wolves is ridiculous if one whole pack could be
supported on one sheep, and they don’t need the money. He continues on with his
hatred of consumer destruction by describing the industry that national parks
are becoming. He dislikes the tourist industry because they are disrupting
nature. He believes everyone should vacation to a national parks, but not
interfere just observe. In his chapter Rocks he describes the greed of
prospectors as they mined for rocks. For Abbey these people have done nothing
wrong he blames the culture for dictating their behavior. This falls under
category 5. Omohurdro discusses this and says, “Culture is powerful because
much of what we have learned is beneath our awareness, or has become a
comfortable habit…But sometimes we step out between the bars of our cage and do
something alternative, deviant, unique or creative. All of us break some of the
rules sometime” (Omohundro 38). For Abbey traveling to the wilderness and
working at Arches is his break from the cage before he goes back to New York
City. He is able to look back at the cage we live in and criticize us for
getting trapped in our consumerism. He believes everyone needs to take
vacations in nature just to get some perspective. Abbey says, “Wilderness is
not a luxury but a necessity of the human spirit, and as vital to our lives as
water and good bread. A civilization which destroys what little remains of the
wild, the spare, the original, is cutting itself off from its origins and
betraying the principle of civilization itself.” He is saying human
civilization is cutting off the origins of humanity. He wants us to defend our
humanity against our culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
In his chapter Down the River he is more direct about his feelings. He starts
off by belittling the government witch he refers to as the “Beavers” for
building a damn and flooding the Glen Canyon (151). He hates it because it was
and interference that ruined the canyon witch he refers to as “Eden” (152).
This dam is made even more offensive because of its lack of purpose. This is an
example the pointless progress Abbey hates. He goes on a journey to see the dam
and afterwards is so angry he discuses the idea of misanthropy. Misanthropy is
a distrust or disdain for Human nature. He mentions other writers who were also
clearly dissatisfied with humanity. He then goes on listing all the things he
hates about humanity “ The useless crap we burry ourselves in”, “The domestic
routine”, “Crafting cheating”, and “Slimy advertising of business men” (Abbey
155). However, Abbey is not saying the people who are businessmen are slimy and
the people in domestic routine are pathetic, but is criticizing the social
construct of these things. He does not hate humanity and the people who occupy
its roles, but the conformity and consumerism we have all been taught to honor
as progress. Abbey also says, “Wilderness is not a luxury but a necessity of
the human spirit, and as vital to our lives as water and good bread. A
civilization which destroys what little remains of the wild, the spare, the
original, is cutting itself off from its origins and betraying the principle of
civilization itself.” He is saying human civilization is cutting off the
origins of humanity. He wants us to defend our humanity against our culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
the chapter Cowboys and Indians Abbey describes how both groups are
disappearing. Cowboys disappear to the modernized food industry, and the
Indians to tourism. He says “Cowboys and Indians disappear, dying off or
transforming themselves by torturous degrees into something quite different.
The originals are nearly gone and will soon be lost forever in the overwhelming
crowd” (Abbey 111). There is a certain amount of sympathy Abby makes us feel
for these dying cultures. These culture which were once American Icons. This
ties into requirement 5 of Omohundro, but also 3. Omohundro explains that the
only thing constant in culture is change. Abbey calls this change progress, and
thinks there is nothing worse. He is able to make readers feel slight disgust
with a country that claims to be accepting of many cultures, but ends up
killing them off. That is the nature of our society though we live in a culture
where ideals are always pushed out and progress is always made. Yet we can see
it’s not all culture he hates just our tendency to progress, change, and shift
as a nation to the newer and shinier trends, but in particular shifting this
way without the consideration of how conformity will affect our environment and
older traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The ending is where you realize
Abbey most defiantly doesn’t hate humanity. Abbey ends up leaving his life in
the desert for a life in New York City witch at first seems surprising, but he
is going to be a volunteer caseworker. He is not only going to be the defender
of humanity, but because he misses civilization. He says, “After twenty-six
weeks of sunlight and stars, wind and sky and golden sand, I want to hear once
more the crackle of clamshells on the floor of the bar in the Clam Broth House
in Hoboken. I long for a view of the jolly, rosy faces on 42<sup>nd</sup>
Street and the cheerful throngs on the sidewalks of Atlantic Avenue… I grow
weary of nobody’s company but my own” (265). Abbey goes back to a big city in
order to get in touch with humanity again. Omohundro would say he is
re-entering his cage in society. For these reasons I don’t think Abby is
misanthropic. There is a clear distrust for our culture because of it powerful
influence over our actions and it’s rapid-fire shifts, but none for human
nature. He wishes for us to preserve our human nature against the corruption of
our culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Use the intro to desert of solitude</li>
</ul>
<div>
<u>Outline</u></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Introduction Thesis</li>
<li>Introduction to Anthropology:</li>
<ul>
<li>Omohundro</li>
<li>Hall</li>
</ul>
<li>How does Abbey construct himself as an Anthropologist</li>
<ul>
<li>Separation from Humanity</li>
<ul>
<li>Spiritually</li>
<li>Physically</li>
</ul>
<li>Observations</li>
<ul>
<li>Include field notes from Dopefiends to compare to</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>What is his goal? How does it compare to real Anthropologists</li>
<ul>
<li>Disgust but observations target real issues</li>
<li>Compare to Dopefiends goal for better treatment</li>
<li>Blame shift: disgust with pete masks levitates responsibility of system (Doctors, cops, changing demographic of san fran) </li>
</ul>
<li>Counter: Abbeys ending</li>
<ul>
<li>Why is he going back to humanity? Why wouldn't he stay in the desert?</li>
<li>talk about Anthropologist who have become to involved with their work. Is this the same thing that is happening to Abbey?</li>
<li>Dopefiends 12 yrs in the field</li>
</ul>
<li>Conclusion</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
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Bibliography:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #535353; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Abbey, Edward. <i>Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness.</i> New
York: Touchstone, 1990. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #535353; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS";">Omohundro,
John. Think Like an Anthropologist: A Practical Introduction
to Cultural Anthropology. McGraw-Hill, 2007. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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