Madison Kraemer
Dr. Adam Johns
English Composition 0200
15 October 2014
Lewontin
and Jensen IQ Theory
An
article called “Genetics and the Great IQ Controversy”, written by Bruce
Wallace, states that “the environment, as well as hereditary, can effect
someone’s IQ score,” (Wallace 13). “IQ scores predict with fair accuracy a
person’s eventual standing in respect to occupational prestige,” (13). Wallace’s
article introduces a philosopher named Arthur Jensen, who in fact generated this
theory that environment and genetics play a role in your IQ score. To test his
theory, he decided to use identical twins and the differences in the
environments in which they live. His theory can be compared to the information
Lewontin provides in the chapter, “All in the Genes?” where he describes his
ideas about IQ scores. Lewontin’s and Jensen’s concepts show that not only can
your environment effect your IQ score but even genetics can as well.
Lewontin
and Jensen both thought that using twins would be a prime example for this
theory. Lewontin’s use of twins sparked an idea that “if twins are more similar
than ordinary sibs or if twins raised in completely isolated families are still
similar, then this surely must be evidence for genes,” (Lewontin 32). Lewontin was
very intrigued and decided to use identical twins rather than fraternal twins
due to the fact that identical twins share 100% DNA whereas fraternal twins
only share 50% DNA. Both Lewontin and Jensen had the same approach on testing
the effect of the environment by comparing data from identical twins living
together and data from identical twins living apart. Essentially, they took
identical twins and separated them so they were not living with their
biological parents. “As a result of the studies, Jensen found that about 80% of
the observed variance in IQ scores has a genetic basis, and the remaining 20%
is caused by environment,” (Wallace 13). In other words, the results showed
that the environment in which the twins lived did have an effect on the scores,
but rather their genetics had a bigger effect.
Lewontin
wanted to expand on this test and take it one step further by researching
ordinary adoptive children. He wanted to expand on Jensen’s hypothesis by seeing
“if adopted children resemble their biological parents more closely than they
resemble their adoptive parents […],” (Lewontin 33). While testing this, he
found that the adopted child’s IQ score resembled the biological parents IQ
score, which indicated that genetics plays a role in IQ scores. Furthermore,
into the study, he found that the longer the adoptive child lived with their
adoptive parents, the child’s IQ score was significantly higher than their
biological parents. This test also showed that “the average IQ scores of these
adopted children were about equal to the IQ scores of the adoptive parents,”
(34). So essentially, the adoptive child had an IQ score that was very similar
to its biological parents score, but after living with the adoptive parents,
the child’s score increased even more. From these results, it’s safe to say
that the environment and the genetics played a significant role in the higher
IQ score of the adoptive child living with their adoptive parents.
Now
the results from this tests does not mean that if you get adopted than you are
going to have a very high IQ score. Moreover, it simply means that most people
who can adopt children “are usually middle-class and have an appropriate
education and cultural experience for the content and intent of IQ tests,”
(35). Also, people who typically put
their children up for adoption are either too young, not financially stable, or
unemployed, so it would make sense that the adoptive parents would have a much
higher IQ score than the biological parents. Furthermore, the biggest factor
that influenced higher IQ scores were the living conditions the adoptive parents
raised their children, which would be a healthy, safe, educational environment.
By
using both the results of the tests, identical twins and the adoptive child,
you can conclude that genetics and environment can play a huge role in
achieving a higher IQ score. So essentially, both Jensen and Lewontin are
correct in the fact that environment and your genetic background can play a
significant role on your IQ scores.
Works Cited
Lewontin, Richard C. Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. New
York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1992. Print.
Wallace, Bruce. "Genetics and the Great IQ Controversy." Genetics
and the Great IQ Controversy 37.1 (1975): n. pag. Web.
Your essay started off a little jumbled up in the first paragraph. The way you introduced the different pieces was a little confusing. However, the last sentence of the first paragraph got me back on track as far as knowing what your essay would be about, although it might have been better to pick a side of the argument rather than say it is both nature and nurture that impact children.
ReplyDeleteThe second and third paragraphs did a good job of describing what both Lewontin and Jenson did, but I thought there could have been more analysis mixed in. The last two paragraphs got a little bit into that analysis, but perhaps it may have flowed a little better if you mixed it in with your evidence. The research was good and it is an interesting topic, but I think you could have said more about why it matters.
There are several problems here. First, the intent of the prompt was that you use contemporary work - you're going back to something written well before Lewontin, rather than something current. That's not necessarily a total disaster, but it is a problem.
ReplyDeleteMore critically, as Sam hints, you're not really using Lewontin to analyze Jensen here. The prompt wasn't to simply repeat similarities between the two (which is mostly what you did). You show a poor grasp of what Lewontin is up to in the first place: you summarize Lewontin's account of research which he is highly skeptical and critical of as if it is research which he himself is doing. Certainly Lewontin is dense and difficult - this is a chapter you probably should have read 2-3 times if you were going to write about it, because you seem to be mostly missing the point that this is precisely the sort of research that Lewontin is targetting.
Overall, your essential problem is that you aren't following the prompt - this is mostly summary, not analysis, and it's a summary that doesn't generally show a solid grasp of Lewontin.